A - Cultural variations in attachment

Question 1

what is an individualist culture

Answer 1

focus is on the individual and personal development

Question 2

what is a collectivist culture

Answer 2

focus is on the group

Question 3

what did Ainsworth say the most common attachment style was

Answer 3

TYPE B- 60-75% of children

Question 4

what is the problem with an imposed etic

Answer 4

attachment style are not universal and are likely due to social norms, societal structure and cultural value

Question 5

what did Grossman and Grossman (2002) research

Answer 5

• longitudinal study of 44 families
• compared the role and mothers and fathers contribution to attachment
• looked at 6, 10 and 16 years

Question 6

what is a meta-analysis

Answer 6

pre-existing studies are compiled together and the findings are analysed
- need to have the same method of investigation and research question

Question 7

what did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) do

Answer 7

• a meta analysis of 32 strange situations from 8 different countries
• 1990 children in total
• 15 of the studies were US based

Question 8

what did VI and K find

Answer 8

x150 greater INTRAcultural differences than INTERcultural differences
- mode attachment style was secure
- collectivist cultures = more insecure resistant
- individualist = more insecure avoidant

Question 9

what is an indigenous researcher

Answer 9

a researcher from the same cultural background as the participants

Question 10

+/- ves of indigenous researchers

Answer 10

+ problems in cross-cultural research can be avoided like misunderstood language - improves internal validity

• could include bias to a nation

Question 11

AO3: + the study had a large number of children (1990) so…

Answer 11

improves the external validity because reduces the impact of extraneous variables - indivdual differences

Question 12

AO3: X what did VI and K find between cultures

Answer 12

x150 more intra-cultural differences than inter-cultural differences
- taking one sample from a country is not representative
- decreases external validity

Question 13

AO3: X what did Kagan et al suggest

Answer 13

the strange situation measured temperament rather than attachment style
- decreases the internal validity

Question 14

AO3: X how can you argue VI and K’s sample was bias

Answer 14

they could have only picked the studies they wanted to reflect the best results (file draw problem)

Question 15

AO1: what did Simonelli et al look at

Answer 15

• conducted a study in ITALY to see if results of strange situation matched those in previous studies
• 76 babies aged 12months
• only 50% secure, 36% insecure avoidant
• researcher suggests this is because increasing number of mothers who are young so use professional childcare
• suggests attachment types are in line with cultural change