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Psychology 1A > brain learning and motivation: intro to biological psychology and the brain > Flashcards

brain learning and motivation: intro to biological psychology and the brain Flashcards

1
Q

Descartes

A

philosopher and defender of dualism

proposed:are humans merely physical machines? physical things?
he answered nno with two arguments in favour of dualism

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2
Q

Descartes arguments for dualism

A

1 humans can do things machines could never do e.g. mechanical duck by Jacques de Vaucanson (1737) the duck mimicked eating and defecting but couldn’t decide what it ate but humans can

2 he used doubt and discovered people are not really sure of anything

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3
Q

dualsim

A

dualism is the theory that the mental and the physical—or mind and body or mind and brain—are, in some sense, radically different kinds of thing.

if you put your brain in soeone else’s body would it still b you

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4
Q

levels of analasys from molecules to memories

A

to understand who we are, we need to understand the mechanisms of our brains. Our consciousness cannot exist outside our brain. We are just a specific assembly of nerve cells and their associative compounds

we are the sum of our experiences and those are stored in a neural structure unique to each individual

said by crick THE ASTONISHING HYPOTHESIS (1994)

idea that the ind is what the brain does, this idea is favoured more by scientists than dualism

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5
Q

individual brain differences

A

allbrains have differences structurally even siblings

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6
Q

alziemers age and alcohol effects on the brain

A

people with theses have many large vacuoles in the brain and their braindoesnt quite fill the skull

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7
Q

biopsychological approach

A

human and non human subjects
Quasiexperimental research
case studies
pure and applied research

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8
Q

biopsychology: pisiological psychology

A

study of the neural mechanisms of behavior by manipula1ng the nervous systems of nonhuman animals in
controlled experiments.

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9
Q

psychopharmacology

A

study of drugs and their affect on brain and behaviour

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10
Q

Neuropsychology

A

study the psychological effects of brain damage in human pa1ents.

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11
Q

psychophisiology

A

study of the rela1on between physiological ac1vity and psychological processes in human subjects by non invasive physiological recording.

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12
Q

cognative neuroscience

A

study of the neural mechanisms of human cogni1on, largely through the use of func1onal brain imaging.

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13
Q

comparative psychology

A

study of the evolu1on, gene1cs and adap1veness of behavior largely through the use of the compara1ve
method.

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14
Q

physiological psycologists: researching memory would…

A

use hypocampal lesion patients such as HM

or make hypothetical lessons using techniques preciously discussed

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15
Q

psychopharmacologists: when studying memory would…

A

investigate Neurochemistry of Alzheimer’s disease – the

role of acetylcholine in memory

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16
Q

neuropsychologists: when studying memory would…

A

alcohol-produced brain damage: Korsakoff’s syndrome

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17
Q

phsychophysiologists: when studying memory would…

A

erp’s of familiar faces compared to unfamiliar faces

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18
Q

cognative neuroscientists: when studying memory would…

A

imaging successfully and unsuccessfully stored

informa1on

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19
Q

comparative psychologists: when studying memory would…

A

birds cache seeds- hippocampal size

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20
Q

cognitiave psychologists: when studying memory would…

A

investigate schemas and memory

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21
Q

socialpsychologists: when investigating memory would…

A

investigate stereotype threat and its effect on exam results

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22
Q

developmental psychologists: when investigating memory would…

A

investigat infantile amnesia

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23
Q

counselling psychologists: when investigating memory would..

A

investigate intrusively into traumatic memories and PTSD

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24
Q

applied psychologists: wen investigating memory would…

A

look a facial recognition and witnesses

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25
invertaspectrum problem
woman sees red when man sees blue due to different pattern of neural firing so she has a different experience of these colours than him ...these differences are communicated through language
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the astonishing hypothesis...
Our minds would not exist without neurones, their interac1ons, the chemicals that bind them together proof: there is strong evidence that the brain is involved in mental life
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nervous system
divided into: central nervous system peripheral nervous system
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central nervous system
made up of: brain spinal cord
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periforal nervous system
everything outside brain and spinal cordmade up of: somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system
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periforal nervous system: somatic nervous system
``` control of getting messages to and from brain includes: skin muscle joints ``` made up of sensory and motor neurone signals all send signals to spinal cord and brain spinal cord and brain also send signals to these areas
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periforal nervous system: autonomic nervous system
sends and receives information to and from include: Glands internal organs from brain and spinal cord and vice versa
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autonomic nervous system
part of system that sends information is further divided into: sympathetic nervous system para-sympathetic nervous system both maintain balance of homeostasis
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autonomic nervous system: sympathetic nervous system
activates processes e.g. fight or flight response sends signals to different parts of body eg dialates pupil
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autonomic nervous system: para-sympathetic nervous system
sends signals to different parts of body to calm down so opposite of sympathetic eg constricts pupil
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central nervous system: spinal cord
densely packed bundle of nerve fibres relay station between body and brain connects most parts of peripheral system with brain control of fast reactions without conscious though eg hand in fire transfers information from and to sensory and motor neurons
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structure of the brain
the brain is made up of 3 main sections: the forebrain the midbrain the hindbrain
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structure of the brain: the forebrain
where most of the thinking happens made up of: Thalamus Hypothalamus Cerebrum (including cerebral cortex on both hemispheres) Limbic system corpus callosm
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structure of the brain: the hindbrain
``` oldest part of the brain made up of: the cerebellum Pons Medulla Oblongata ...controld vital movements eg heart ```
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structure of the brain: midbrain
relay station between spinal cord and brain | contains clusters of sensory and motor nerves relating to hind and for brain
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hindbrain: medulla oblongata
``` control of: breathing heart beating staying alive unconscious movements ```
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hindbrain: pons
control of: sleep arousal carries nerve impulses between higher and lower levels of system
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hindbrain: cerebellum
older part of brain control of: movement co-ordination and complex movement densely packed with neutrons and connections, densely folded structure one of first places affected by alcohol also plays a small role in learning and memory
43
midbrain: Reticular formation
arts higher centres of the brain that messages are coming and either blocks or allows messages also carries the information related to seep and arousal
44
Forebrain: Cerebrum
considered most evolutionary advanced area of brain | made up of two large hemispheres that wrap around brain stem
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forebrain: the Thalamus
switchboard that organises sensory inputs and rooutes then to the appropriate areas of the brain dense connection between Thalamus and amygdila
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amygdila
part of the brain that processes fear etc
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Thalamo-cortical projections
seem to be dysfunctional in patients with Schizofreenia which may explain problems in sensoty gating
48
forgebrain: Hypothalamus
``` plays a major role in motivation and emotion controls hormonal secretions that regulate: sexual behaviour metabolism reactions to stress pleasure pain also regulates: hunger thirst sleep and also contains the superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) circadian sleep and wake cycles ```
49
forebrain: Limbic system
helps co-ordinate behaviour needed to satisfy emotional and motivational urges that arise in hypothalmus controls emotion and motivation involved in memory contains hipocampus and amygdila
50
Limbic system: Hipocampus
involved in forming and retrieving memories
51
Lymbic system: Amygdila
organises emotional and motivational response patterns., | aggression and fear processing
52
structure nd function of cerebral cortex
makes up 80% of brain but only 2-3mm thick hence convoluted folded structure
53
Cerebral cortex
sheet of grey unmyelinated cells form outermost layers of human brain folds allow for greater surface area Fissures separate brain into 4 lobes
54
Four lobes of brain
frontal lobe parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe
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Frontal lobe
thought planning movement
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Temporal lobe
hearing | memory
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occipital lobe
vision
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parietal lobe
touch | spatial relations
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Franz Gall
neuroanatomist physiologist pioneer in locating mental functions in the brain developed Crainoscopy (renamed (Phrenology) to determine to determine the personality and development of mental and moral faculties on the basis of external shape of skull doesn't hold up to scientific scrutiny
60
functional location of behaviour
Paul Broca (1824-1880) studied damage to left side of frontal lobe discovered brokers area after Ga;;
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Broca area
A brain area crucial for speech producFon through its connecFons with the motor cortex region
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Wernike area
A brain area adjacent to the auditory projecFon area, damage to which leads to deficits in understanding word meaning or speech comprehension
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Brocas Aphasia
The organisation of speech suffers. So while the ideas are all right, the fluency suffers
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Wernicke's Aphasia
Fluency is intact, but the ability to speak meaningful words is disrupted.
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Latteralisation in the brain: Hemisphere asymmetry
two hemispheres not all function is replicated in both e.g. Broca and Wince only occurs in left side left hemisphere almost always larger than right
66
right hemisphere
contains many long neural fibres that connect widely separate areas of the brain dominant for spatial relationships images from left side come here negative emotions
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left hemisphere
contains shorter fibres with rich interconnections within a more limited area dominant for language images from right side come here the interpreter strives to make sense of events
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splitting the brain...
...splits the conscious mind two hemispheres connected by corpus colas (dense nerve fibres severing corpus collasm produces split brain
69
split brain patients
questions can be posed to one hemisphere but no to the other revealing specialisation of each the spread of electrical activity from one hemisphere to another is reduced
70
functional organisation of the cerebral cortex
spacific areas of brain correspond with specific senses spacific regions of the cortex in these areas are responsible for specific body parts and corresponding senses also: contrlateral control ascociation areas
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functional organisation of the cerebral cortex : contralateral control
left hemisphere controls right hand gf body and vice versa
72
functional organisation of the cerebral cortex : ascociation areas
corFcal areas that are neither motor or sensory but are thought to be involved in higher processing of informaFon
73
the cerebral cortex: primary somatosensory cortex
strip of cortex located at from of parietal lobe behind primary motor area in frontal lobe is the primary projecFon area for bodily sensaFons, including touch, pain, and temperature
74
the cerebral cortex: primary motor cortex
A strip of cortex located at the back of the frontal lobe just ahead of the primary sensory projection area in the parietal lobe. This region is the primary projection area for muscular movements.
75
parietal lobe: funtions and damage
organises visual and auditory space end point of visual pathway telling us where things are located in space detects moving objects in space determines which part of space we pay attention to damage here causes neglect symptoms
76
temporal lobe: functions and
The lobe of the cortex lying below the temples in each cerebral hemisphere, includes the: primary auditory projection area, Wernicke’s area, subcorFcally, the amygdala and hippocampus.
77
temporal lobe: damage
causes: disturbance of visual and auditory and percepFon, impaired organization and categorization of verbal material, disturbance of language comprehension, impaired long-term memory Right side lesions can also effect recognition of visual content e.g. recall of faces
78
Capgras delusion) damage to the temporal lobe
a Capgras delusion is a false belief that someone you know very well has been replaced by an idenFcal duplicate. • the paFent will say that the individual in quesFon may look and sound like the real person, and may be totally indisFnguishable from the real person, but the paFent will sFll claim that this is an imposter and not the real person. • If the person calls the paFent on the phone, the paFent oZen can sFll recognize the voice as belonging to the "true" person!
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the frontal lobes
29% of human brain least understood part of brain damage can result in loss of intellectual abilities such as planning and carrying out action sequences involved in emotional experience
80
prefrontal cortex
seat of executive functions
81
prefrontal cortex: executive functions
mental abilities that allow people to direct their behaviour in an adaptive fashion • Goal selng, judgment, strategic planning, impulse control
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prefrontal cortex: damage
results in inability to understand and anticipate future consequences
83
Phineas Gage (1848)
An accidental explosion blasted a one meter rod cleanly through his head. • He lived for several years aZer the accident Phineas Gage suffered prefrontal cortex damage in an accident and underwent personality change. problems in controlling emotions and impulsivity
84
planning frontal lobes and response inhibition
to be rational we may have to inhibit some strong responses in ourselves these responses may be strongly controlled by drives or aggression
85
the arcuate fasciculus
The arcuate fasciculus (Latin, curved bundle) is a bundle of axons that forms part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus. The arcuate bidirectionally connects caudal temporal cortex and inferior parietal cortex to locations in the frontal lobe.[1][2]
86
the brains core governs
basic physiological functioning
87
endocrine system
through the use of hormones this system transmits messages from one area of the body t another
88
black widow spider bite causes
caused by and overproduction of acetylcholline
89
Alzheimers disease is caused by
an underproduction of Acetylcholline
90
botulinu bacteria
acetyl cholline production is blocked resulting in a possibbly fatal paralasys
91
psychoactive drugs
drugs that cause changes in consciousness emotions and behaviour
92
neuropsyhological test
example of this is the Trail making test used to test memory and planning abilities
93
the primary sensory area for vision lies at the rear of the...
occipital lobe
94
the ways in which neural functioning can be restored after damage are...
neurogenesis | neural stem cells
95
scientists use the following methods of destruction and stimulation to study brain
chemicals to destroy nervous tissue surgically removing parts of brain applying cold or heat to destroy nerve cells destroying nervous tissue using electricity
96
james olds 1955 study
identified dopamine as producing rewarding behaviours in rats
97
synaptic vesicles
chambers within the axon terminals where transmitter molecules are stored

Psychology 1A (14 decks)

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