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Psychology 1A > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

1
Q

The three stage model

A 
Atkinson and Shiffren 1968
very influencial model
based on general informaion processing
sensory input
sensory memory
given attention and encoded into 
short term working memory
encoded into ltm
for future retrieval
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2
Q

memory stores: sensory

A

Separate store for each sense e.g. auditory store (echoic) holds trace for few seconds/ visual (iconic) < 1 second
- See Sperling’s experiment of iconic memory in your text book page 280

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3
Q

memory stores: short term memory

A

if unrehearsed new memory trace is lost

info also enters here from lTM

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4
Q

memory stores: long term memory

A

informatin is stored here indefinitely

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5
Q

working memory

A

Alternative view – emphasises working memory
four main components are:
•Phonological loop
•Visuospatial sketchpad
•Central executive
•Episodic buffer
Refs:Baddeley 1990, 2000,2002), Squire & Knowlton (2000), Cabeza & Nyberg 1997), Haxby et al (1995) Roberts, Robbins & Weiskrantz (1996)

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6
Q

memory processes: encoding

A

information going into memory put into a form that the system can use i.e. coded
Memory codes are mental representations of physical stimuli
acoustic codes -represent information as sounds visual codes -represent information as pictures semantic codes -represent experience by its meaning

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7
Q

memory processes: storage

A

maintaining information over a period of time i

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8
Q

memory processes: retrieval

A

information in memory being brought into consciouusness

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9
Q

encoding

A

ainly acoustic code in STM – can store for short time in visual or semantic code
Mainly semantic code in LTM - but can also be stored in acoustic/ visual

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10
Q

storage

A

Dependent on store – amount stored/ retention period
•Maintenance rehearsal
•Elaborative rehearsa

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11
Q

memory capacity

A

STM – information held for a few seconds/ up to 2 minutes sometimes
•To estimate capacity of STM – serial position curve
•LTM capacity limitless?

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12
Q

serial position curve

A

shows how well information is remembered
primary effect and recency effect shows inormation in lists are better remembere dat the start of the list and end of the list

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13
Q

models of emory: levels of processing

A

amount of encoding/processing determines how well something is remembered
e.g. REHEARSAL
This model argues that memory enhancement due to
elaborative rehearsal occurs because of depth of processing i.e. the more thought/organisation/relating done, the deeper the processing and better the memory
Continuum, not separate stores
Ref:Craik & Lockhart (1972) Craik & Tulving(1975)

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14
Q

models of memory: transfer apppropriate information

A

suggests that what is critical in memory is how the encoding matches what is retrieved
ASSOCIATIVE NETWORKS
New experiences don’t just lead to new facts being stored which can later be retrieved individually. They also change overall knowledge a person has. Each unit of knowledge is linked to every other unit. Connections strengthen as their joint experience increases. We can therefore draw inferences and
conclusions.
Ref:Collins & Quillian (1969)

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15
Q

typed of memory: explicit

A

trying deliberately to remember something

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16
Q

typed of memory: implicit

A

unintentional recollection/influence of prior experience (automatic - no conscious effort required)dev

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17
Q

declarative memory

A

episodic/semantic

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18
Q

episodic memory

A

memory for spacific event at which you were present

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19
Q

semantic memory

A

generallised knowledge of the world excluding that relatedto a spacific event

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20
Q

procedural memory

A

memory for how to do things

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21
Q

prospectibe memory

A

remembering to do things in the future

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22
Q

retrospective memory

A

rememberin events in the past

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23
Q

habitual tasks

A

are more easly rremembered

24
Q

its important to attatch cues to a task

A

to be better remembered

25
age and prospective memory
older people flind prospective memory more difficult
26
memoryand the brain
different types of memories stored in many locations Simultaneous processing Biochemical changes involved in memory - neurotransmitters Neural networks formed Structure of neurons and LTM Hormone changes also affect memory storage Ref:
27
brain area function in memory
Areas of the brain interact in memory •Sensory areas of cortex involved initially •WM – brain network/frontal lobes involved •Consolidation of LTM – hippocampus •Cerebral cortex storage of declarative memories •Amygdala – encoding of events (emotional) •Cerebellum – procedural memories •Thalamus – damage leads to Amnesia
28
memonics
``` MNEMONICS Techniques for improving memory 2 ‘ingredients’ – Good recoding technique (leads to strong memory trace) They provide effective retrieval cues Link method Peg method Method of loci Acronyms/acrostics chunking hierarchies ```
29
forgetting
has to do with problems in encoding storage recall first person to study it was Ebbinghaus (1885)
30
measures of forgetting
recall recognition relearning
31
causes of forgetting: problems with encoding
information may not have been encoded or have been encoded either ineffectively or inappropriately
32
causes of forgetting: problems with storage
``` memory trace may fade with time (decay) Problems with storage – decay/ interference Brown-Peterson paradigm Retroactive interference (after information to be remembered) Proactive interference (before information to be remembered) ```
33
brown petersen paradigm explained
Subjects recall string of 3 letters (trigrams) – consonants only e.g. KBF • Intervals of 3,6,9,12,15,18 seconds after last letter presented • After each trigram subjects count backwards in threes from a 3 digit number to prevent rehearsal during the retention interval
34
causes of forgetting: retrieval errors
information recalled when previously it was not remembered – information may be in memory but can’t be easily accessed
35
childhood amnesia
CHILDHOOD AMNESIA: inability to recall events in very early years of life •Difference in how young children encode?/Self concept?/Biological development?/Cognitive factors
36
Amnesia
Anterograde retrograde •H.M. – brain damaged patient anterograde and retrograde amnesia due to brain surgery to correct epileptic seizures
37
anterograde amnesia
inability to remember everyday events and to acquire new information
38
retrograde amnesia
inability to remember events before injury/ disease
39
Altzeimers
* Memory disorder – most common form of dementia •UK 1:20 aged 70-80, 1:5 over 80 * Progressive loss of memory, especially semantic •Recall and recognition affected * PM reveals brain changes – cerebral cortex shrinkage, neurofibrilliary tangles, amyloid plaques
40
korsakoffs syndrome
Alcohol damage to brain as well as other organs •Can be accompanied by anterograde and retrograde amnesia •Extensive damage to thalamus and hypothalamus – shows that these areas are involved in LTM Evidence is therefore available over a range of disorders showing that specific regions and systems in the brain are involved in the transfer of information from STM to LTM
41
effortful processing
making a conscious effort to encode information
42
auromatic processing
information with little attention is unintentionally encoded
43
ways the brain is studied int terms of memory
by studying people with brain damage through imaging through studying laboratory animals
44
memory construction
piecing together pieces of stored information to complete a sketchy or incomplete memory
45
young children a eyewitnesses
found children are moree susceptible to suggestion and influence than other children suggestive questioning can influence children professionals hace diddiculty discriminating between true and false reports
46
emory
processes that allow us to record store and later retrieve informaiton
47
how information is retrieved
informaiton is activated by a retrieval cue accompanied b the process of spread actiavation
48
long term potentiation
the enduring increase in synaptic strength
49
neural network
name given to a mathematical model of a collection of artificial neutrons that mimic some aspect of learning
50
millers magic number
it refers to the capacity limit of the shrt term memory | it is set as seven plus or minus two
51
a schema
is an organised pattern of thought about some aspect of the world that can influence encoding
52
the better we encore iformation
the EASIER it will be to retrieve
53
the relation between confidence in ones memory and its accuracy...
are weakly related
54
state dependantmemory
describe how the quality of memory version is determined by the state the subject is in when creating the memory hence low quality of memory in a drugged state
55
the enactment effect
appears to work through motor feedback
56
flashbulb memory
a memory that is so clear it seems like a snapshot of the actual moment
57
motivated forgetting
repression supression it is a psychodynamic concept it is controvercial

Psychology 1A (14 decks)

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