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dmd 5248 > Brain, Plexi, and ANS > Flashcards

Brain, Plexi, and ANS Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main divisions of the nervous system

A

sensory nervous system (afferent)

motor nervous system (efferent)

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2
Q

what are the two divisions of the sensory nervous system

A

somatic sensory

visceral sensory

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3
Q

what are the two divisions of the motor nervous system

A 
somatic motor (voluntary motor)
automonic motor (involuntary motor)
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4
Q

what are the 4 main parts of the brain

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
diencephalon
brainstem

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5
Q

what are the sulci of the cerebrum

A

longitudinal fissure
central sulcus
lateral sulcus
parietoccipital sulcus

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6
Q

what are the lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal - personality, thinking, motor control, emotions, speech
parietal - sensory, spatial orientation, language
temporal - auditory, learning, memory
occipital - vision
insula - taste

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7
Q

what are the pre and post central gyri

A

precentral gyrus = primary motor cortex

postcentral gyrus = primary somatosensory cortex

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8
Q

What and where is brocas area

A

the speech center, in the frontal lobe

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9
Q

what and where is wernicke’s area

A

the general interpretive area, receives info from all sensory areas

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10
Q

what does the left cerebral hemisphere

A

more common

  • reading, writing, math
  • decision making
  • speech and language
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11
Q

what does the right cerebral hemisphere

A

senses- touch, smell, sight, taste

recognition of faces, voices

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12
Q

what are the tracts of cerebral white matter

A

association tracts - go throughout each hemisphere (don’t cross to the other)
commisural tracts - connect left and right hemisphere
projection tracts - down the midbrain, pons, and medulla and into the spinal cord

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13
Q

what are basal nuclei

A

masses of gray matter embedded in the white matter of the cerebrum

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14
Q

what is alzheimers disease

A

degenerative disease of the brain leading to memory loss, depresssion, and disorientation. caused by neurofibrillary triangles and beta-amyloid plaques

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15
Q

What are the parts of the diencephalon

A

hypothalamus
epithalamus (habenula and pineal gland)
thalamus

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16
Q

what is the function of the thalamus

A

relay station for motor and sensory information entering the cerebrum

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17
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus

A 
BEETSHAM
behavior 
endocrine
emotion
temperature
sleep/wake cycles
Hunger/thirst
autonomic control
memory
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18
Q

what does the pineal gland do

A

controls circadian rhythms

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19
Q

what are the functions of the medulla

A

reflexes, allow brain and spinal cord to communicate

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20
Q

what is the main function of the pons

A

modify respiratory rhythmycity and activity

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21
Q

What are the parts of the limbic system

A

hippocampus
parahippocampal gyrus
cingulate gyrus

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22
Q

what is the function of the limbic system

A

its the emotional brain, involved in motivation, emotion, and memory

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23
Q

what are the arteries that supply the brain with blood

A 
vertebral artery (branch of subclavian)
internal carotid artery (branch of common carotid)
they connect at the cerebral arterial circle
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24
Q

how do the vertebral arteries get from subclavian to the brain

A

it branches off of the subclavian then travels through the tranverse foramina or C1-C6, enters through the foramen magnum, then the two merge and turn into the basilar artery

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25
what are the branches off of the internal carotid artery
opthalmic artery posterior communicating artery middle cerebral artery anterior cerebral artery
26
What is another name for the cerebral arterial circle
the circle of willis
27
what are the 5 components of the circle of willis
``` Anterior cerebral artery Anterior communicating artery internal carotid artery posterior cerebral artery posterior communicating artery ```
28
what are the functions of the meninges
separate the brain from the skull enclose and protect blood vessels supplying the brain contain and circulate CSF
29
What are the four dural septa
``` falx cerebri (between cerebral hemispheres) tentorium cerebelli (separates cerebellum and cerebrum) Falx cerebelli (between cerebellar hemispheres) Diphragma sellae (covers sella turcica, infundibulum travels through it) ```
30
what are the 4 dural venous sinuses
superior sagittal inferior sagittal straight sinus confluence of sinuses
31
what are the three meningeal arteries, and which is most important
middle meningeal artery (largest and most important) anterior meningeal artyer posterior membingeal artery
32
What are the brain ventricles
``` 1 = lateral ventricles 2 = interventricular foramen 3 = third ventricle 4 = cerebral aqueduct 5 = fourth ventricle ```
33
Where does CSF come from, and what are its functions
it is produced in the choroid plexus it circulates through the ventricles and subarachnoid space in it the brain is buoyant, it protects the brain, and maintains a stable environment for the brain
34
what are arachnoid trabechulae
places where CSF moves out of the subarachnoid space, then into circulation
35
what is hydrocephalus
when CSF is blocked, can't drain, or overproduced and the skull fills with CSF. Treated with a shunt or removal of the third ventricle
36
What is the ANS
autonomic nervous system - involuntary - controls visceral effectors - coordinate systems
37
what are the divisions of the ANS
sympathetic parasympathetic enteric
38
how many sensory and motor neurons are in the somatic nervous system and ANS
1 somatic sensory and 1 somatic motor in the somatic nervous system 1 visceral sensory and 2 autonomic motor in the ANS
39
what are the names of the 2 autonomic motor neurons in the ANS
preganglionic and postganglionic (ganglionic) neuron
40
what are the two divisions of the ANS
sympathetic division | parasympathetic division
41
what are the pre and post ganglionic neurons like in the sympathetic and parasympathetic
``` Sympathetic Preganglionic - short, myelinated, and branched Sympathetic postganlionic - long, unmyelinated, and unbranched Parasympathetic Preganglionic - long, myelinated, unbranched Parasympathetic postganglionic - short, unmyelinated, and branched ```
42
what is another name for the sympathetic division and where does it originate
it is called the thoracolumbar division because it originates T1-L2 of the spinal cord
43
What is another name for the parasympathetic division and where does it originate
it is called the craniosacral division because it originates in the brainstem (CN III, VII, IX, X) and sacral spinal cord
44
What are the functions of the sympathetic division
fight or flight, activated in emergencies, when excited, or when stressed. it increases alertness, metabolic rate, and muscular abilities
45
What are the functions of the parasympathetic division
rest and digest, conserves energy and replenishes energy stores. it reduces metabolic rate and promotes digestion
46
how does the parasympathetic affect heart rate
it decreases heart rate with ACh
47
how does the sympathetic affect heart rate
it increases heart rate with NE
48
what are the three places that sympathetic neurons go after they leave the spinal cord
sympathetic chain ganglia (Pairs on either side of the spine) collateral ganglia (unpaired, anterior to vertebral bodies) Adrenal medulla
49
where do the sympathetic neurons go after the sympathetic chain ganglia
organs in the thoracic cavity and head
50
where do the sympathetic neurons go after the collateral ganglia
organs in the abdominopelvic region
51
what are the ganglia in the chain ganglia
``` 3 cervical ganglia 10-12 thoracic ganglia 4-5 lumbar ganglia 4-5 sacral ganglia 1 coccygeal ganglion ```
52
What does the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia innervate
they eye and the salivary glands (as well as a portion to the heart and lungs - along with other ganglia)
53
how do the sympathetic neurons get to the head
they start at the superior cervical ganglia and they wrap around the internal carotid artery and form the carotid plexus
54
what cranial nerves make up the cranial portion of the parasympatheic nervous system
CN III CN VII CN IX CNX
55
what ganglia do each of the cranial nerves that make up the parasympathetic nervous system go after they leave the CNS, and where do they go after
CN III goes to the ciliary ganglion, then to the intrinsic eye CNXII goes to the pteryopalatine and submandibular ganglion, then to the salivary glands and lacrimal glands CNIX goes to the otic ganglion, then goes to the parotid gland CNX goes to the intramural ganglion, then to the visceral organs of the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity
56
What is the enteric NErvous system
third ANS division with a net of nerves in the digestive tract walls that coordinates complex visceral reflexes
57
what are the types of receptors in the ANS
nicotinic (ACh) receptors are in between pre and post ganglionic neurons for both para and sympathetic neurons muscarinic (ACh) receptors are the receptors on target organs of the parasympathetic Adrenergic (NE/E) receptors are the receptors on target organisms of the sympathetic
58
nicotinic receptors are always excitatory
yep
59
Muscarinic receptors are always excitatory
NO, they can be both excitatory and inhibitory
60
what are the alpha adrenergic receptors like
NE stimulates them better than Beta receptors Alpha 1 is excitatory (more common) Alpha 2 is inhibitory (it inhibits parasympathetic)
61
what are the beta adrenegric receptors like
Beta 1 increases metabolic activity Beta 2 triggers relaxation of smooth respiratory muslces Beta 3 leads to lipolysis
62
When do sympathetic postganglionic neurons use cholinergic or nitroxidergic receptors
cholinergic to dilate vessels of skeletal muscles and brain, and sweat gland stimulation nitroxidergic to dilate the vessels of skeletal muscles and brain
63
What are the four main plexuses
cervical brachial lumbar sacral
64
What nerves come off of the cervical plexus
``` lesser occipital nerve Great auricular nerve Transverse cervical nerve supraclavicular nerve Phrenic nerve ```
65
What are the major nerves of the brachial plexus
``` musculocutaneous median nerve ulnar nerve axillary nerve radial nerve ```

dmd 5248 (12 decks)

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