Brainstem

Question 1

Somatic Afferent

Answer 1

-monitors external environment

Question 2

Somatic Efferent

Answer 2

-reacts with external environment

Question 3

Visceral Afferent

Answer 3

-monitors internal environement

Question 4

Visceral Efferent

Answer 4

-controls internal environment

Question 5

Sulcus limitans

Answer 5

-in the floor of the 4th ventricle; separates the cranial nerve motor nuclei from the sensory nuclei

Question 6

Special Somatic Afferent

Answer 6

-afferent nerves that carry information from the special senses of vision, hearing and balance

Question 7

General Somatic Afferent

Answer 7

• arise from cells in the spinal ganglia and are found in most the spinal nerves
• conduct impulses of pain, touch and temperature from the surface of the body through the posterior roots to the spinal cord and impulses of muscle sense, tendon sense and joint sense from the deeper structures

Question 8

Special Visceral Afferent

Answer 8

-carry the special senses of smell (olfaction) and taste (gustation)

Question 9

General Visceral Afferent

Answer 9

-conduct sensory impulses (usually pain or reflex sensations) from the viscera, glands, and blood vessels to the central nervous system

Question 10

General Visceral Efferent

Answer 10

-refers to the efferent neurons of the autonomic nervous system that provide motor innervation to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (contrast with SVE fibers)

Question 11

Special Visceral Efferent

Answer 11

-efferent nerves that provide motor innervations to the muscles of pharyngeal arches in head and neck

Question 12

Somatic Efferent

Answer 12

-

Question 13

4th Ventricle

Answer 13

• extends from the cerebral aqueduct to the obex
• filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• located within the pons or in the upper part of the medulla

Question 14

Abducens Nucleus

Answer 14

• originating nucleus from which the abducens nerve (VI) emerges - a cranial nerve nucleus
• nucleus is located beneath the fourth ventricle in the caudal portion of the pons, medial to the sulcus limitans

Question 15

Basilar Pons

Answer 15

-anterior portion of the pons

Question 16

Cerebral Aqueduct

Answer 16

• contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• within the mesencephalon (or midbrain)
• connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle within the region of the mesencephalon and metencephalon
• located dorsal to the pons and ventral to the cerebellum

Question 17

Cochlear Nucleus

Answer 17

• two heterogeneous collections of neurons in the mammalian brainstem that receive input from the cochlear nerve
• carries sound information from the cochleae
• outputs from the cochlear nuclei are received in higher regions of the auditory brainstem

Question 18

Cuneate Tract

Answer 18

• carry proprioceptive and fine touch sensations

- carries sensations from upper half of our body

Question 19

Dorsal Motor Nucleus of the Vagus

Answer 19

• cranial nerve nucleus for the vagus nerve in the medulla that lies under the floor of the fourth ventricle
• mostly serves parasympathetic vagal functions in the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and other thoracic and abdominal vagal innervations

Question 20

Facial Nucleus

Answer 20

• collection of neurons in the brainstem that belong to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)
• lower motor neurons innervate the muscles of facial expression and the stapedius

Question 21

Gracilis Tract

Answer 21

• carry proprioceptive and fine touch sensations

- carries sensations from lower half of our body

Question 22

Hypoglossal Nucleus

Answer 22

• a cranial nerve nucleus
• extends the length of the medulla, and being a motor nucleus, is close to the midline
• nucleus of hypoglossal nerve in the medulla oblongata

Question 23

Inferior Colliculus

Answer 23

• principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway
• receives input from several more peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex

Question 24

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

Answer 24

• connects the spinal cord and medulla oblongata with the cerebellum
• comprises the juxtarestiform body and restiform body

Question 25

Lateral Lemniscus

Answer 25

-tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain

Question 26

Inferior Olive

Answer 26

- largest nucleus situated in the olivary body, part of the medulla oblongata - control and coordination of movements - sensory processing and cognitive tasks likely by encoding the timing of sensory input independently of attention or awareness

Question 27

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

Answer 27

- connect the cerebellum to the pons - composed entirely of centripetal fibers, which arise from the cells of the nuclei pontis of the opposite side and end in the cerebellar cortex

Question 28

Medial Lemniscus

Answer 28

-pathway in the brainstem that carries sensory information from the gracile and cuneate nuclei to the thalamus

Question 29

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus

Answer 29

- pair of crossed fiber tracts (group of axons), one on each side of the brainstem - near the midline of the brainstem and are composed of both ascending and descending fibers - carries information about the direction that the eyes should move

Question 30

Nucleus Cuneatus

Answer 30

-carrying fine touch and proprioceptive information from the upper body

Question 31

Nucleus Gracilis

Answer 31

-carrying fine touch and proprioceptive information from the lower body

Question 32

Oculomotor Nuclear Complex

Answer 32

-give rise to the axons of the occulomotor nerve, both motor and parasympathetic fibers, situated at the midline at the level of the superior colliculus in the midbrain tegmentum

Question 33

Pyramidal Tract

Answer 33

- pathway in central nervous system, originating in the sensorimotor areas of the cerebral cortex and generally descending through the brain stem to the spinal cord - fibers transmit motor impulses that function in the control of voluntary movement

Question 34

Periaqueductal Gray

Answer 34

- gray matter located around the cerebral aqueduct within the tegmentum of the midbrain - role in the descending modulation of pain and in defensive behavior

Question 35

Superior Colliculus

Answer 35

-visual reflex center

Question 36

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

Answer 36

- emerge from the upper and medial part of the white matter of the hemispheres - under the upper part of the cerebellum - all fibetrs carrying information from the spinal cord to the cerebellum (ventral spinocerebellar tract) pass through

Question 37

Solitary Nucleus

Answer 37

-series of nuclei forming a vertical column of grey matter embedded in the medulla oblongata

Question 38

Solitary Tract

Answer 38

- conveys afferent information from stretch receptors and chemoreceptors in the walls of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and intestinal tracts - afferent fibers from cranial nerves 7, 9 and 10 convey taste (SVA) in its rostral portion - general visceral sense (GVA) in its caudal part -taste buds in the mucosa of the tongue can generate impulses in the rostral regions of the tract -efferent fibers are distributed to the solitary tract nucleus

Question 39

Trigeminal Mesencephalic Nucleus

Answer 39

- proprioception of the face, that is, the feeling of position of the muscles - contains no chemical synapses but are electrically coupled

Question 40

Trigeminal Motor Nucleus

Answer 40

- motor neurons that innervate muscles of the first branchial arch =the muscles of mastication, the tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, mylohyoid, and anterior belly of the digastric - mid pons

Question 41

Trigeminal Mesencephalic Tract

Answer 41

-

Question 42

Trigeminal Nerve Root

Answer 42

-

Question 43

Trigeminal Principal Sensory Nucleus

Answer 43

-

Question 44

Trigeminal Spinal Nucleus

Answer 44

-

Question 45

Trigeminal Spinal Tract

Answer 45

-

Question 46

Vestibular Nuclear Complex

Answer 46

-