Breast

Question 1

Vulvitis

Answer 1

Inflammation of the external female genitalia

Question 2

Vaginitis

Answer 2

Inflammation of the vaginal canal

Results in production of vaginal discharge

-bacteria, fungus, parasitic organism

Question 3

_______ or _____ can predispose patients to vaginitis

Answer 3

Diabetes

Systemic antibiotic therapy

Question 4

Cervix acts as

Answer 4

Barrier to the ingress of vaignal microflora into the uterus

Escape of mistrial flow
Diabetes to accommodate childbirth

Question 5

Diseases of the cervical

Answer 5

Inflammatory (cervicitis)

Neoplastic

Question 6

Cervicitis symptoms

Answer 6

Cervical inflammation is common can result in purple tooth vaginal discharge

May represent a specific infection (STD)

Often nonspecific infection

Question 7

Cervical cancer (squamous cell carcinoma )

Answer 7

Deaths have decreased due to Pap smear

Question 8

Papanicolaou smear

Answer 8

A screening test that detects precancerous cell

-Exfoliated cells collected from the cervix followed by special stain

Question 9

Pap smear co screens for

Answer 9

High risk HPV subtypes in abnormal smears

Question 10

Colposcopy

Answer 10

Direct examination procedure that provides n illuminated magnified view of the cervic

Question 11

Cervic abnormalities appear as

Answer 11

White patches following application of acetic acid

Question 12

Nearly all cases of squamous cell carcinoma arise from

Answer 12

Precursor epithelial changes : cervical intraepithelaila neoplasia

Question 13

Do all CIN progress to cancer

Answer 13

Nope but many do

Question 14

Epithelial dysplasia

Answer 14

Cytologic and maturational disturbances of epithelium seen microscopically

Question 15

CIN stages

Answer 15

I-Mild dysplasia
II-Moderate dyspalsia
III-Carcinoma in situ

Question 16

HIgh risk HPV

Answer 16

16, 18

Associated with cancer

Question 17

Low Risk HPV types

Answer 17

6, 11

Associated Condyloma

Question 18

HPV Risk factors

Answer 18

Early age at first intercourse
Multiple sex partners
Male partners with multiple previous sexual partners
Prolonged infection with high risk HPV

Question 19

Myometrium

Answer 19

Muscular wall of the uterus

Composed of interlacing bundles of smooth muscle

Question 20

Endometrium

Answer 20

Glandular lining of the uterus

Changes under hormonal influence

Question 21

Menorrhagia

Answer 21

Abnormally heavy menstrual bleeding

Question 22

Metrorrhagia

Answer 22

Bleeding between menstruated cycles

Question 23

Dysmenorrhea

Answer 23

Unusually painful menstrual bleeding

Question 24

Functional endometrium

Answer 24

Located outside the uterus which undergoes cycling bleeding

Question 25

Intrapelvic bleeding and organization of blood leads to

Answer 25

Widespread fibrosis and periuterine adhesions -results in sever dysmenorrhea and pelvic pain

Question 26

Large blood filled cysts on the ovaries transform to

Answer 26

Chocolate cysts as the blood ages

Question 27

Endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 27

Overgrowth of endometrium

Question 28

Endometrial hyperplasia results from

Answer 28

Excess exposure to estrogen

Question 29

Endometrial hyperplasia risk factors

Answer 29

Obesity Hormone intake Failure to ovulate Estrogen producing ovaraian tumors

Question 30

Endometrial hyperplasia may progress to

Answer 30

Adenocarcinoma -Mild moderate atypical hyperplasia

Question 31

Tumors of the uterus may arise from ______ or _______

Answer 31

Endometrium or muyometirum a

Question 32

All tumors of the uterus produce

Answer 32

Abnormal uterine bleeding

Question 33

Most common tumors of the uterus

Answer 33

Endometrial polyps Smooth muscle tumors Carcinomas

Question 34

Leiomyoma (Fibroids)

Answer 34

Benign tumor of myometrial smooth muscle -most common benign tumor in females

Question 35

Leiomyoma (Fibroids) growth stimulated by

Answer 35

Estrogens; regress after menopause

Question 36

Leiomyoma (Fibroids) may be totally asymptotic but can cause

Answer 36

Menorrhagia Palpable pelvic mass Infertility

Question 37

Endometrial Carcinoma most common

Answer 37

Female genital tract cancer in US 55-65 years

Question 38

Endometrial Carcinoma associated with

Answer 38

estrogen excess/endometrial hyperplasia

Question 39

Endometrial Carcinoma symptoms include

Answer 39

Leukorrhea and irregular bleeding

Question 40

Disorders of the ovaries

Answer 40

Non-neoplastic cysts of the ovaries are common but not generally a serious problem Neoplasia

Question 41

Polycystic Ovarian Diseae

Answer 41

Common hormonal disorder of females of reproductive age

Question 42

Polycystic Ovarian Diseae multiple cystic follicles in ovaries produce

Answer 42

Excess androgens and estrogens

Question 43

Polycystic Ovarian Disease presents with

Answer 43

``` Oligomenorrhea Hirsuitism Acne Fertility problems Obesity -Increased risk for type II diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease ```

Question 44

Ovarian Carcinoma mutations of

Answer 44

BRCA genes BRCA1 BRCA2= increase risk for breast and ovarian cancer

Question 45

90% of ovarian cancer arise from

Answer 45

Surface epithelial cells

Question 46

Risk factors for ovarian cancer

Answer 46

Nulliparity and family history

Question 47

Teratoma

Answer 47

Tumor of all 3 germ layers First 2 decades of life 90% benign

Question 48

Teratoma when malignant

Answer 48

Younger patient

Question 49

Breast Pathology

Answer 49

Extremely common Palpable nodules or masses Most are benign Must differentiate from malignancy

Question 50

Fibrocystic change (breast) arise during

Answer 50

Reproductive years

Question 51

Fibrocystic change (breast) exaggeration and distortion of

Answer 51

Normal cyclic breast changes occurring with mestraution

Question 52

Fibrocystic change (breast) characterized by

Answer 52

Overgrowth of fibrous stroma and or glandular elements

Question 53

Fibroadenoma (breast)

Answer 53

Most common benign neoplasm of breast

Question 54

Fibroadenoma (breast)presents in

Answer 54

Prepubertal girls and young women; Preakness prevalence in 3rd decade Results in increased estrogen

Question 55

Fibroadenoma (breast) size

Answer 55

1-10 cm Freely movable nodule Solitary Discrete

Question 56

Fibroadenoma (breast)biopsy shows

Answer 56

Proliferation of stroma and glands

Question 57

Breast cancer arise from

Answer 57

Glandular elements of the breast 2nd leading cause of cancer related death in women

Question 58

Breast cancer mostly affect

Answer 58

Women after 50 (75%)

Question 59

Breast Carcinoma Etiology

Answer 59

Genetics Hormonal Influences Environmental Variables

Question 60

______ of all breast cancers are related to inherited mutations

Answer 60

10% BRCA1 BRCA2

Question 61

Where is breast cancer most often seen

Answer 61

Upper outer quadrant

Question 62

Highest mortality breast cancer quadrant

Answer 62

Lower medial

Question 63

Breast carcinoma detection

Answer 63

Discrete non-tender mass Adherence to overlying skin may result in nipple reaction Thickened overlying skin resembles surface of orange

Question 64

2 categories of breast carcinoma

Answer 64

Ductal Lobular carcinoma Both have pre-invasive stages

Question 65

Carcinoma survival

Answer 65

50% Metastasis May occur many years after apparent therapeutic control of primary lesion