breathing and regulation

Question 1

what does the conducting zone of lower resp tract consist of

Answer 1

trachea 🡪 main bronchus 🡪 lobar / segmental bronchi 🡪 terminal bronchioles)

Question 2

if someone aspirates an object where would it end up

Answer 2

Right main bronchus large lumen, more vertically orientated than left

Question 3

respiratory epithelium

Answer 3

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Goblet cells
Cilia

Question 4

histology of trachea

Answer 4

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
+ Cartilage
+ Smooth muscle

Question 5

histology of alveoli

Answer 5

simple squamous

Question 6

function of pores of kohn

Answer 6

help equalise pressure across the air sacks

Question 7

histology of respiratory bronchioles

Answer 7

cuboidal epithelium

Question 8

method of respiratory pump

Answer 8

Diaphragm contracts (Flattens)
External intercostals contract (Lift ribs up and out)
Transpulmonary pressure is negative
Air is drawn in until pressure equalizes
Relaxation of muscles causes passive expiration

Question 9

how does the sternocleidomastoid help with inspiration

Answer 9

helps to bring the ribs up

Question 10

how does rectus abdominus and internal intercostals help with active expiration

Answer 10

bring the ribs closer together

Question 11

innervation of diapgram

Answer 11

phrenic c3c4c5

Question 12

innervation of intercostal mjuscles

Answer 12

intercostalonerves

Question 13

where are peripheral chemoreceptors and what are they most sensitive to

Answer 13

carotid & aortic bodies. Most sensitive to pO2 change

Question 14

where are central chemoreceptors situated and what are they most sensitive to

Answer 14

medulla oblongata. Most sensitive to pCO2 change

Question 15

two main centres for respiratory control and what do they control

Answer 15

medullary : dorsal , inspiration control
Ventral , inspiration and forced expiration
pontine: apneustic centre acts on dorsal respiratory group
Pneumotaxic centre , off switch inhibits apneustic centre

Question 16

what is Intrapleural pressure (Ppl)

Answer 16

is the pressure difference across the pleura

Question 17

what is ventilation rate

Answer 17

air flowing into lungs in a given time period

Question 18

what is perfusion

Answer 18

blood flowing into the capillary beds

Question 19

what is vq mismatch

Answer 19

Blockage to perfusion (Pulmonary embolism)

Barrier to gas exchange (pneumonia disrupting alveoli)

Question 20

what is daltons law

Answer 20

The total pressure of a gas mix is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each component

Question 21

what is henrys law

Answer 21

At a given temperature, the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure

Question 22

what is tidal volume

Answer 22

volume of a normal breath

Question 23

physiological dead space

Answer 23

Physiological dead space: anatomical + alveolar dead space. (Includes air in poorly perfused or ventilated parts of the lung)

Question 24

Smooth muscle in bronchioles can constrict airways

parasympathetically?

Answer 24

ach binds to m3 receptors, , bronchoconstriction

Question 25

Smooth muscle in bronchioles can constrict airways | sympathetically

Answer 25

adrenaline / noradrenaline bind to B2 (adreno) receptor | = bronchodilation

Question 26

What muscles are involved in respiring ?

Answer 26

diapgram, abdominal muscles intercostal muscles - internal and external

Question 27

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

Answer 27

The part of the pleural cavity not occupied by the lung

Question 28

Describe the alveolar gas equation?

Answer 28

PAO2 = FIO2 x ( patm- ph2o) - PaCO2 /Rrespiratory quotient

Question 29

What epithelium lines the trachea and upper respiratory tract?

Answer 29

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 30

what is the carotid sinus innervated by

Answer 30

glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 31

What is the air left at the end of expiration of a normal quiet breath called?

Answer 31

Functional residual capacity

Question 32

How is tidal ventilation calculated?

Answer 32

Tidal ventilation= tidal volume x respiratory rate

Question 33

What is the residual volume?

Answer 33

The residual volume is the volume left after maximum exhalation

Question 34

What is the total lung capacity and how do you calculate it?

Answer 34

LC= residual volume+ vital capacity | 5.9 L

Question 35

What is the vital capacity?

Answer 35

Vital capacity is the maximum that can be breathed in or out

Question 36

What do peripheral chemorecptors respond to and where are they located, what do they respond to?

Answer 36

carotid artery and aortic arch | respond to arterial blood

Question 37

What do central chemoreceptors respond to and where are they located, what do they respond to?

Answer 37

Central respond to [H+] Located at medulla of brain Respond to ECF of brain

Question 38

Process of inspiration with nerves

Answer 38

Phrenic and motor intercostal nerves cause diaphragm and external intercostal to contract ⬆️ volume ⬇️pressure Pump handle ribs up and out bucket handle pulling parietal pleura too ⬆️alveolar stretch 💨o2 moves in down pressure grad

Question 39

Process of expiration with nerves

Answer 39

⬇️ impulses to diaphragm and external intercostal Decrease volume increase pressure Alveoli compress as lungs pressure increases Air passively moves out down conc grad

Question 40

How do you work out trans pulmonary pressure

Answer 40

Alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure

Question 41

How to work out ventilation rate

Answer 41

Tidal volume x respiratory rate

Question 42

Where is the vq ratio high and low

Answer 42

High at apex of lung due to gravity | Low at the base of lung

Question 43

Two extremes of vq mismatch

Answer 43

Pulmonary embolism , blockage to perfusion due to dead space Pul oedema , collapsed alveoli due to fluid build up

Question 44

Regulation of vq

Answer 44

Local bronchi constriction , air diverted to better ventilated areas Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction blood diverted to better perfumed areas

Question 45

What is boyles law

Answer 45

Pressure and volume are always inversely proportional at a given temp of gas

Question 46

What do j receptors do

Answer 46

Respond to increase in lung pressure because of fluid build such and lead to an increase in ventilation

Question 47

What do stretch receptors do

Answer 47

In smooth muscle | When the lung expands , receptors initiate the hering bruer reflex which reduces respiratory rate .

Question 48

What is respiratory drive and what is it controlled by

Answer 48

Intensity of the output by the respiratory centres | Control by medulla oblongata

Question 49

What does alveolar recruitment refer to

Answer 49

Opening of collapsed alveoli

Question 50

Laplaces law

Answer 50

As alveoli get smaller at the end of expiration , surface tension increases , surfactant is therefore required to prevent collapse .

Question 51

Rate of gas diffusion factors

Answer 51

Conc grad Sa for diffusion Length of diffusion pathway

Question 52

Diffusion barrier in the lung layers

Answer 52

``` Alveolar epithelium Tissue fluid Capillary endothelium Plasma Red cell membrane ```

Question 53

main difference between peripheral and chemoreceptors

Answer 53

peripheral detect changes in ph and 02 | central only detect changes in h+ and o2

Question 54

difference and parts of resp zone and conducting zone

Answer 54

resp zone -gas exchange resp , bronchioles to alveolar sacs | conducting zone - air in and out of the lungs ,bronchi to terminal bronchi