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cardiology and respiratory > respiratory anatomy > Flashcards

respiratory anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Three divisions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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2
Q

Borders function and histology of the nasopharynx

A

Base of skull and roof of soft palate
Conditions inspired air and propagates it to the larynx
Respiratory epithelium

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3
Q

Borders of oropharyns

A

Soft palate and superior border of epiglottis

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4
Q

What does the nasopharynx contain

A

Adenoid tonsils

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5
Q

What does the oropharynx contain

A

Lingual and palatine tonsils
Superior constrictor muscle
Posterior 1/3 of tongue

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6
Q

Borders of the laryngopharynx

A

Superior border of epiglottis and inferior border of cricoid cartilage

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7
Q

What does the laryngopharynx contain

A

Middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors

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8
Q

What are the three circular pharyngeal constructor muscles

A

Superior middle and inferior

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9
Q

What are the two components and differences of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor

A

Superior component - oblique fissures that attach to thyroid cartilage
Inferior component - horizontal fissures that attach to cricoid cartilage

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10
Q

Innervation of pharyngeal constrictors

A

VAGUS NERVE

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11
Q

Arterial supply to the pharynx ?

A

Branches of the external carotid :
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Branches of facial artery
Branches of lingual and maxillary artery

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12
Q

What does the tympanic nerve innervate

A

Sensation to the middle ear
Parotid gland
Mastoid air cells

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13
Q

Function of the larynx

A

Phonation cough reflex and protection of the lower respiratory tract

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14
Q

Three divisions of the larynx and borders

A

Supraglottis - inferior surface of epiglottis to false vocal cords
Glottis
Subglottis- inferior border of glottis to inferior border of cricoid cartilage

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15
Q

What is rima glottidis

A

Space between vocal cords

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16
Q

Epithelium of true vocal cords

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

Arterial supply to larynx

A

Superior and inferior laryngeal artery

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18
Q

Venous drainage of larynx

A

Superior laryngeal into internal jugular vein and inferior laryngeal veins to the left brachiocephalic

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19
Q

Innervation of the larynx

A

From branches of vagus
Recurrent laryngeal sensory innervation to infraglottis
Superior laryngeal internal branch sensory innervation to supraglottis

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20
Q

What is the surface marking of oblique and horizontal fissure?

A

Bifurcation of trachea: T4

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21
Q

What parts of the respiratory tract belong to the upper respiratory tract and which to the lower respiratory tract?

A

upper- nose to laynx

lower- trachea to alveoli

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22
Q

What are the functions of the upper respiratory tract?

A

humidify air, mucus secreting,

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23
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Increase surface area for warming/moisten inhaled air
Decreasing the relative weight of the front of the skull, and especially the bones of the face
Increasing resonance of the voice

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24
Q

What nerves innervate the nasopharynx, oropharynx and layngopharynx?

A

Nasopharynx: innervated by Pharanygeal
Oropharynx: innervated by Glossopharanygeal
Laryngopharynx: innervated by Glossopharyngeal
(innervated by 5-9-10)

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25
What are the three differences between the left and right bronchus?
Right main bronchus: wider, shorter, more vertical | Left main bronchus: narrower, longer, more horizontal
26
What epithelium lines the trachea, epiglottis and aryepiglottic fold?
Respiratory epithelium
27
What is the vestibular fold also known as and what is it lined by?
false vocal cords | respiratory epithelium
28
What is the innervation of the cricothyroid muscle?
External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
29
What are the 5 steps of inspiration?
inspiration 1 inspiratory muscles contract diaphragm descends from stimulus phrenic nerve , rib cage rises inspiration 2 thoracic cavity volume increases inspiration 3 lungs are stretched intrapulmonary volume increases inspiration 4 intrapulmonary pressure drops inspiration 5 air flows into lungs down pressure gradient until pulmonary pressure is 0
30
What are the 6 steps of expriation?
diaphgram moves up , inspiratory muscles relax thoracic cavity pressure decreases elastic lungs recoil, intrapulmonary volume decreases interpulmonary pressure rises air flows out of lungs down pressure gradient until pulmonary pressure is 0
31
How many cartilages within the larynx
Three unpaired and six paired
32
What are the three unpaired cartilages
Epiglottis Thyroid Cricoid
33
What is the laryngeal prominence
Adam’s apple
34
What cartilage is the cricoid made from
Hyaline
35
What cartilage does the epiglottis have
Elastic
36
Structures within the respiratory system
``` Nose and paranasal sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi etc Lungs Plurae ```
37
What is waldeyers ring
Ring of lymphoid tissue in the naso and oropharynx formed by paired palatine tonsils , adenoid and lingual tonsil .
38
Function of the longitudinal muscles of pharynx
Shorten and widen and elevate the larynx during swallowing
39
Names of longitudinal internal muscles of the pharynx and innervation
Stylopharyngeus Palatopharyngeus Salpingopharangeus All vagus apart from stylo which is glossopharangyeal
40
Innervation to muscles of pharynx
Vagus apart from stylopharangeus
41
Position of larynx in regards to pharynx
The larynx is inferior to the pharynx
42
What is the larynx covered by
Anteriorly by infrahyoid muscles | Laterally by the lobes of the thyroid gland
43
What is the Adam’s apple
Laryngeal prominence | Two sheets of laminae which join anteriorly
44
Three paired cartilages
Arytenoid Corniculate Cuneiform
45
Function of diaphragm
Separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity | Undergoes contraction and relaxation
46
Three peripheral attachments of the diaphragm
Lumbar vertebrae Costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 Xiphoid process of sternum
47
Three hiatuses of the diaphragm
Caval hiatus Oesophageal hiatus Aortic
48
What passes through the caval hiatus and what level
T8 Ivc Terminal branches of right phrenic nerve
49
What passes through the oesophageal hiatus and what level
T10 Oesophagus Right and left vagus Oesophageal branches of left gastric artery / vein
50
What passes through aortic hiatus
Aorta Thoracic duct Azygos vein
51
Vasculature to diaphragm
Inferior phrenic arteries which arise from abdom aorta
52
Pathway of recurrent laryngeal arteries
L loops under the aortic arch and travels up | Right in front of the right subclavian artery
53
How are the two lobes of the thyroid gland connected
Central isthmus
54
What is the thyroid gland wrapped with
Cricoid cartilage
55
Anterior structures of the thyroid
Infrahyoid muscles | Sternotnyroid
56
Arterial supply to the thyroid and what they arise from
Superior thyroid artery - first branch of external carotid | Inferior thyroid artery - arises from the thyrocervical trunk
57
Venous drainage of the thyroid gland
Superior middle and inferior thyroid veins which form a plexus
58
Innervation to the thyroid gland
Branches of the sympathetic trunk
59
Where are the parathyroid structures found
Posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
60
What is the carotid sheath
A tube of fascia containing the carotid artery , jugular vein and vagus nerve
61
Main contents of the carotid triangle
Common carotid artery Internal jugular vein Hypoglossal and vagus nerve
62
Submental triangle contents and function
Submental lymph nodes under the chin | Filter lymph drainage from the floor of the mouth and parts of the tongue
63
First layer of the neck
Platsyma
64
Attachments of sternocleidomastoid and innervation
Attachments to manubrium of sternum and mastoid process of the temporal bone . Accessory nerve
65
What is the anterior triangle of the neck formed by
Anterior border of the stm laterally Median line of the neck medially Inferior border of the mandible superiorly
66
Nerves that run through the anterior triangle
Vagus Hypoglossal Mylohyoid nerve
67
What is the axillary fold made up from
Anterior Lateral edge of pec major | Posterior lateral edge of latissimus Doris and teres major
68
What is the pump handle movement
During inspiration diameter of thorax is increased when the ribs elevate Sternum also moves up Costo cartilage is raising and lowering their sternal ends
69
What is the bucket handle movement of ribs
During inspiration the transverse diameter of the thorax is increased by the ribs swinging outward , bucket handle motion
70
What is the most common site of pharyngeal diverticula and what is it
Killians dehisense A triangular shaped area of weakness in muscular wall of pharynx between transverse and oblique bundles of inferior pharanygeal constrictor
71
Names of the four paranasal sinuses
Frontal Sphenoid Ethmoidal Maxillary
72
Innervation , vasculature and drainage of frontal sinus
Supraorbital nerve Anterior ethmoidal artery Frontonasal
73
Innervation , vasculature and of sphenoid sinus
Posterior ethmoidal nerve | Maxillary artery
74
Three ethmoidal sinus
Anterior Middle Posterior
75
Muscles of the tongue are supplied by
Hypoglossal nerve
76
What is the hard palate formed by
Palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones
77
Functional of the internal and external muscles of larynx
Internal move along the individual components of the larynx , vital role in breathing and phonation External elevate the larynx during swallowing
78
Extrinsic muscles of larynx and their role
Suprahyoid , fixate the hyoid bone and elevate it | Infrahyoid ,lower the larynx and hyoid bone
79
Importance of cricothyroid muscle and innervation
Stretches and tenses the vocal ligaments Creation of forceful speech External laryngeal nerve
80
Anatomical course of the azygos vein
Originates from ivc Ascends in posterior mediastinum to t4 before it arches above the right pulmonary hilum Drains into superior vena cava before it pierces the pericardium ,
81
What is carina
Point at which the trachea bifurcates into right and left main stem bronchi at t4
82
What is the angle of Louis
Divides superior and inferior mediastinum
83
lowest surface marking of the lungs
anteriorly - 6th rib mid axillary 8th rib posteriorly 10th rib
84
What makes up waldeyers ring
Tubul tonsil Palatine tonsil Pharanygeal tonsil Lingual tonsil
85
Role of salpingopharangyeus
Raises larynx during swallowing | Opens pharanygeal orifice of tympanic tube

cardiology and respiratory (10 decks)

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