respiratory

Question 1

transthoracic plane is at what t level

Answer 1

t4

Question 2

how many lobes on right lung

Answer 2

3

Question 3

name of 4 paranasal sinuses

Answer 3

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary

Question 4

what cartilage is the laryngopharynx made from

Answer 4

epiglottis is elastic and the rest are hyaline

Question 5

what is the average lung capacity

Answer 5

5.9l

Question 6

define intrinsic defence

Answer 6

non-immune mechanism of precenting infection

E.g: cough, sneezing, muco-ciliary clearance

Question 7

define Innate / cell mediated immunity

Answer 7

Non-specific immune response present from birth

No memory

Question 8

what do b cells form in the immune response

Answer 8

Specific to the antigen
Factories for antibodies
Activate other T-cells
Create memory cells

Question 9

where is pressure highest in foetal circulation

Answer 9

Right heart

Question 10

What are the groups of ribs?

Answer 10

1-7 true ribs
8-10 false ribs
10-12 floating ribs

Question 11

Name the four nasal sinuses and where they drain into?

Answer 11

All middle meatus apart from sphenoid

frontal-middle meatus
ethmoidal - anterior middle meatus
sphenoid - sphenoidal recess
maxillary -middle meatus

Question 12

Where does the nasolacrimal duct open into?

Answer 12

inferior meatus

Question 13

Which is the largest meatus?

Answer 13

inferior meatus

Question 14

What is the hiatus semilunaris

Answer 14

cresent shaped groove in the lateral wall of nasal cavity

Question 15

Name three types of receptor involved in the control of ventilation, where they are situated and what affect their stimulation has?

Answer 15

juxtapulmonary receptors- chemical stimulation fast breathing

stretch receptors- pressure stimulated - causes shorter and shallower breathing

irritant receptors - throughout respiratory tract ,coughing in upper tract

Question 16

What is the chloride shift and why is it needed?

Answer 16

C02 enters a RBC) some of it is converted into HCO3- which diffuses out of leaving H+ in cell, Cl- enters to keep the cell neutral

Question 17

State three ways carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

Answer 17

carbaminohaemoglobins
hco3-
dissolved in plasma

Question 18

What cartilage is responsible for altering tension of the vocal cords?

Answer 18

arytenoid

Question 19

What does a shift to the left or right of an oxyhaemoglobin curve represent?

Answer 19

Left=higher affinity (fetal, to get oxygen from mother’s blood), right=lower (hummingbird)

Question 20

Name three things that shift the oxyhaemoglobin curve to the right

Answer 20

increase in temp
pco2
h+(ph)

Question 21

What is the primary way carbon dioxide Is transported in the blood

Answer 21

bicarbonate ions in the plasma

Question 22

State the normal arterial blood oxygen saturation

Answer 22

95-99%

Question 23

What is the average value for tidal volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity, respiratory rate

Answer 23

TV- 500ml
VC-4.5l
TLC- 5.7l
RR-15/min

Question 24

Describe the body’s response to altitude

Answer 24

Decrease PiO2, hyperventilation, increase minute ventilation, decrease PaCO2, initial alkalosis (compensated by renal bicarbonate secretion), tachycardia

Question 25

What is the Henderson-hasslebach equation? | and what catalyses it

Answer 25

Water+ carbon dioxide- H2CO3 -H+ + HCO3- | carbonic anhydrase

Question 26

What is the arterial blood pH at sea level and what happens at altitude

Answer 26

7.36-7.44 | becomes more alkaline

Question 27

What are the three functions of (conchae?

Answer 27

Humidify 98%, heat regulator, filter, elevate, streamline and pressurnise

Question 28

What structure lies lateral to the ethmoidal air cells?

Answer 28

Orbit

Question 29

Where is the ventricle of the larynx?

Answer 29

Between the vocal folds and vestibular folds,

Question 30

When is surfactant first detectable in a fetus?

Answer 30

24 weeks

Question 31

what is conchea

Answer 31

bony structures inside your nose

Question 32

What is the correct order of the thyroid, hyoid and cricoid?

Answer 32

hyoid thyroid cricoid

Question 33

What happens to your pressure at altitude

Answer 33

Atmospheric pressure falls Pio2 falls FIO2 stays same

Question 34

Pathology of lungs at depth

Answer 34

Decompression sickness due to rapid decrease in pressure Inert gas narcosis due to change in pressure Arterial gas embolism blockage of blood supply to organs caused by bubbles in an artery

Question 35

Embryological phases

Answer 35

Embryonic 0-12 trachea and lung bud , epithelia Pseudoglandular 5–16 everything apart from gas exchange Canalicular 17-28 bronchioles and bronchus enlarge Tissue becomes more vascular Saccular - 28 terminal sacs develop Alveolar late fetus after birth Alveoli fully develop

Question 36

First breath

Answer 36

``` Fluid removed from lungs Air inhaled O2 stimulates pulmonary vasodilation Ductus arteriosus and venous constrict Foremen ovale close within 6 months after birth ```

Question 37

Nostril and nostril roof histology

Answer 37

Keratinising stratified squamous | Nostril roof - resp epithelium but no goblet cells

Question 38

What are type 2 pneumocytes

Answer 38

Synthesising cells of alveolar surfactant

Question 39

Wha does alveolar surfactant do

Answer 39

Lowers surface tension which keeps the alveoli from collapsing after exhalation and makes breathing easy

Question 40

histology of type 2 pneumocytes

Answer 40

cuboidal with apical microvilli.

Question 41

What is the Respiratory diverticulum

Answer 41

Week 4 of development | Outpocketing appears in the proximal part of primitive gut tube

Question 42

Lung buds

Answer 42

The diverticulum bifurcates into two buds , which become the left and right primary bronchi Right then proliferate to give secondary and tertiary bronchi

Question 43

link between alveolar surfactant and premature babies

Answer 43

surfactant keeps alveoli open | if born more than two weeks premature there is not enough surfactant so they die cant keep themselves alive