Brief History of the Guidance and Counseling Movement

Question 1

The word guidance first appeared around the ___ and was defined as ___.

Answer 1

1600s;
“the process of guiding an individual’

Question 2

Early guidance work involved individuals giving __ and __ advice.

Answer 2

moralistic;
direct

Question 3

The definition of guidance continued into the twentieth century when vocational guidance counselors used the word to describe the act of “guiding” an individual into __.

Answer 3

a profession and offering suggestions for like skills.

Question 4

___ of the ___ was a number of reform movements occurred simultaneously that eventually influenced the development of the counseling profession.

Answer 4

Social Reform Movements;
1800s

Question 5

___ (1859 to 1952) was who insisted on more humanistic teaching methods and access to public education.

Answer 5

John Dewey

Question 6

The first professional counselors are ___.

Answer 6

Vocational Guidance Workers

Question 7

At the end of the nineteenth century, dramatic shifts took place in the United States that were partially responsible for the beginnings of the ___ and ultimately set the stage for the establishment of the counseling profession.

Answer 7

Vocational Guidance Movement

Question 8

The rise of social reform movements and the impact of Industrial Revolution showed an increase in ___.

Answer 8

Immigration

Question 9

Although the concepts had been floating around in the latter part of the 1800s, the ___ brought the first comprehensive approach to vocational guidance.

Answer 9

1900s

Question 10

___ (1871 to 1955) developed one of the first guidance curricula that focused on moral and vocational guidance.

Answer 10

Jesse Davis

Question 11

___ (1862 to 1922), a New York City principal who had written a booklet called ___, started ___ in New York.

Answer 11

Eli Weaver;
“Choosing a Career”;
vocational guidance

Question 12

___ (1871 to 1946) established guidance services in the Seattle school system.

Answer 12

Anna Reed

Question 13

___ suggested that individuals should fervently follow their supervisors and “fight their co-workers for advanced status.”

Answer 13

Social Darwinism

Question 14

___ (1954 to 1908) had the greatest impact on the development of vocational guidance in the United States. He is the Founder of Guidance in the United States.

Answer 14

Frank Parsons

Question 15

___ established the ___ which assisted individuals in “choosing an occupation, preparing themselves for it, finding an opening in it, and building a career of efficiency and success.”

Answer 15

Frank Parsons;
Vocational Bureau

Question 16

Parsons was a man with a vision (Briddick, 2009b; Pope & Sveinsdottir, 2005). He envisioned ___ in the schools; he anticipated a national ___; he foresaw the importance of ___; and he hoped for a society in which ___ and where ___.

Answer 16

a systematic vocational guidance;
vocational guidance movement;
guidance counseling;
cooperation was more important than competition;
concern replaced avarice

Question 17

Parson’s work and principles that eventually became the major tenets of the counseling profession are: ___, ___, ___, and ___.

Answer 17

A. Expert guide when making difficult decisions
B. Personal choice (individual must choose for himself/herself)
C. Genuineness
D. Assist the client in the development of analytic skills

Question 18

___ (1932) suggested that guidance should be seen in a total educational context and that “guidance counselors” (now called school counselors) should be involved in a variety of functions in the schools, including ___, ___, ___, and of course, ___.

Answer 18

John Brewer;
Adjustment Counseling;
Assistance with Curriculum Planning;
Classroom Management;
Occupational Guidance

Question 19

___ (1909) helped to establish the ___, which lobbied the U.S. Congress to pass laws that would improve the deplorable conditions of mental institutions.

Answer 19

Clifford Beers;
National Committee for Mental Hygiene

Question 20

The National Committee for Mental Hygiene, soon began to organize the first ___, staffed by social workers, psychologists, and psychiatrists. This created a new need for ___ and ___.

Answer 20

Child Guidance Clinics;
Mental Health Clinics;
Psychological Assistants

Question 21

During the ___, ___ developed what is considered to be the first comprehensive theory of counseling called ___.

Answer 21

1930s;
E. G. Williamson
Minnesota Point of View or trait-and-factor theory

Question 22

The ___ or the trait-and-factor theory includes five steps:

Answer 22

1. Analysis: Examining the problem and obtaining available records and testing for the client
2. Synthesis: Summarizing and organizing the information to understand the problem
3. Diagnosis: Interpreting the problem
4. Counseling: Aiding the individual in finding solutions
5. Follow-up: Ensuring proper support after counseling had ended

Question 23

In the trait-and-factor theory, ___ is examining the problem and obtaining available records and testing for the client.

Answer 23

Analysis

Question 24

In the trait-and-factor theory, ___ is summarizing and organizing the information to understand the problem.

Answer 24

Synthesis

Question 25

In the trait-and-factor theory, ___ is interpreting the problem.

Answer 25

Diagnosis

Question 26

In the trait-and-factor theory, it is aiding the individual in finding solutions.

Answer 26

Counseling

Question 27

In the trait-and-factor theory, it is ensuring proper support after counseling had ended.

Answer 27

Follow-up

Question 27

___ is one of the most influential psychologists and psychotherapists of the twentieth century. Revolutionized the practice of counseling with his client-centered approach.

Answer 27

Carl Rogers

Question 28

With the rise of Nazism during the ___, many humanistic philosophers, psychiatrists, and psychologists fled (from) ___ for the (to) ___ and dramatically influenced the field of psychotherapy and education in their new country.

Answer 28

1930s and 1940s;
Europe;
Unites States

Question 29

During the ___, the counseling profession shifted increasingly toward a humanistic nondirective orientation.

Answer 29

1950s

Question 30

During the 1950s, there was an observed promulgation of the developmental theories in the areas of:

Answer 30

1. Career Counseling
2. Child Development
3. Lifespan Development

Question 31

In ___, the launching of Sputnik (Russian Space vessel) - provided the impetus for Congress passing the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) which allocated funds for training institutes that would quickly graduate secondary school counselors for identification of gifted students in math and science.

Answer 31

1957

Question 32

During ___, new approaches to counseling began to take shape.

Answer 32

1960s

Question 33

The new approached that began to take shape during 1960s were:

Answer 33

1. Rational Emotive
   Approach
2. Behavioral Approach
3. Reality Therapy
4. Gestalt Approach
5. Transactional
   Analysis
6. Existential Approach.

Question 34

During the ___, the expansion of the Community Mental Health Centers Act to include more services including: Alcoholism services, Drug abuse services, Special services for children and elderly, etc

Answer 34

1970s

Question 35

During the ___, we saw a continued expansion and diversification of the field of counseling, as well as a settling-in phase marked by an increased emphasis on professionalism.

Answer 35

1980s and 1990s

Question 36

There are 6 current issues of the 21st Century in the field guidance and counseling.

Answer 36

1. Credentialing
2. Changes in Ethical Guidelines
3. Culturally Alert Counseling: Cross-Cultural Counseling and Advocacy
4. Counselor Efficacy: Evidence-based Practice and Common Factors
5. Crisis, Disaster, and Trauma Training
6. Technology and Online Counseling