brooklyn Flashcards
memorize terms (106 cards)
1
Q
dorsal
A
towards the back
2
Q
ventral
A
towards the abdomen
3
Q
caudal
A
below in relation to another structure
4
Q
volar
A
relating to the palm
5
Q
dorsum
A
superior surface of anterior object
6
Q
prone
A
face down position
7
Q
supine
A
face up position
8
Q
ipsilateral
A
same side
9
Q
acquired
A
not present at birth
10
Q
congenital
A
present at birth
11
Q
hypertrophy
A
increased growth
12
Q
atrophy
A
decreased growth
13
Q
contracture
A
abnormal permanent shortening of muscle
14
Q
cubitus
A
elbow
15
Q
coxa
A
hip
16
Q
genu
A
knee
17
Q
pes
A
foot
18
Q
pollux
A
thumb
19
Q
hallux
A
big toe
20
Q
recurvatum
A
reverse/backwards curve
21
Q
varum/varus
A
red knight. distal end is more medial
22
Q
valgum/valgus
A
distal end is more lateral
23
Q
etiology
A
the cause of
24
Q
idiopathic
A
cause is unknown
25
reverence curve
convex
26
reference segment
distal
27
angular/rotary motion
around a fixed point or axis
28
linear/translatory motion
motion along a line from one location to another
29
ginglymus
humeroulnar
30
condyloidal
radiocarpal
31
trochoidal
tibiofemoral
32
enarthrodial
glenohumeral
33
sellar
sternoclavicular
34
arthrodial
vertebral articulating
35
synarthrodial joint
immovable
36
diarthrodial/synovial joint
freely movable (ginglymus etc.)
37
circumduction
circular movement
38
supination
external rotation. palm turns up
39
pronation
internal rotation. palm turns down
40
pelvic tilt
indicated side (anterior/posterior/lateral) tilts down
41
plantarflexion
extension of ankle
42
dorsiflexion
flexion of ankle
43
osteokinematic movement
section moves thru plane about an axis
44
arthrokinematic movement
movement at the articular surfaces of the joint
45
spin arthrokinematics
a single point on one surface rotates on a single point of another surface
46
roll arthrokinematics
a series of point on one surface contacts with a series of points on another surface.
always in the direction of the moving segment
47
Glide/Slide arthrokinematics
a specific point on one surface contacts with a series of points on another surface
sAme direction if concAve is moving
opposite direction if convex is moving
48
closed pack position
joint is most congruent, taut, and allows for no movement
tests for stability and integrity.
joint is usually injured in this position
49
open pack position
least congruent, joint is loose and lax
| Here, roll, glide/slide and spin occur.
50
For Sure FaceTime Relief Society
Fusiform, Strap, Flat, Triangular, Rhomboidal, Sphincter
51
Types of pennate arrangements
Unipennate, Bipennate, Multipennate
52
excursion/amplitude of a muscle
inches of the muscle at its longest minus inches at it's shortest
53
isomEtric
prEventing
| tension develops but there is no change in length
54
isOtOnic
cAUsing or cOntrolling
55
concentric contraction
Causes movement. Shortening the muscle
56
eCCentric
controLLing the movement. Lengthens the muscle.
57
Prime mover
determined by size, angle of pull, and force generation capacity.
58
How do you determine which muscle group is involved?
2 step process:
1) which movement is resistance tending to cause?
2) the opposite muscle group is involved
59
Line of muscle pull / vector analysis
WHAT joint does the muscle cross
WHERE does it cross it (anterior, etc.)
HOW does it cross it (horizontally, etc.)
A diagonal vector can be resolved into component vectors
60
Stabilizing component of Angle of muscle pull
if the joint is more open, the contraction also pulls bone towards body
61
dislocating component of AofMP
if the joint is more closed, contraction pulls bone away from body
62
antagonist
on opposite side of joint from agonist. Is relaxed when agonist contracts
63
stabilizer
contracts to stabilize the origin of the agonist
64
support muscle
contracts to hold body upright while actions are occurring by agonist
65
neutralizer
prevents muscle from contracting too far.
has both a common action with and antagonistic action to agonist.
must have 2 muscles involved to occur.
66
synergist
prevents all other actions except desired movement by agonist as it contracts. Marital agonist.
67
active tension
when the muscle contracts
68
passive tension
when the muscle and its elastic fascia are stretched beyond resting length
69
When is the greatest amount of tension developed?
The muscle is slightly stretched, enabling both active and recoiling passive muscle components to react. (bending down before jumping)
70
lengthened active insufficiency
muscle is too far stretched causing less sarcomere cross bridges connecting
71
shortened active insufficiency
when the actin filaments overlap each other and can't cross bridge
72
passive insufficiency
when the antagonist is stretched to the point where it can no longer lengthen to allow further movement.
Usually seen in biarticular muscles and countercurrent movement patterns
73
countercurrent movement pattern
As a joint moves through RoM the tension created will fluctuate even if resistance remains the same.
74
concurrent movement pattern
If there are biarticular muscles, they can offset each other to help maintain constant length/tension as movement goes through RoM
75
Lombard's Paradox
Two muscles antagonistic to each other can both contract and contribute to desired movement when they are biarticular
76
biarticular muscles
cross two joints
77
open chain
distal end is not fixed to any surface. It is freely moveable.
78
closed chain
distal segment is fixed and involves several joints moving in a predictable matter. Compressive forces in weight bearing movements
79
autonomic nervous system
```
controlling visceral (internal trunk organ) structures.
Consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
```
80
Central nervous system
```
Brain
-cerebrum: highest mental functions
-brainstem: midbrain, pons and medulla
-cerebellum: coordination of voluntary movement, muscle tone and posture.
Spinal Cord
```
81
frontal lobe
voluntarily controls skeletal muscle
82
parietal lob
primary somatic sensory cortex. Receives sensory input.
83
Type C sensory neuron
pain temperature non discriminate touch
84
Type A sensory neuron
Proprioception, vibration, discriminate touch
85
grey matter
neural connections/synapses occur
86
white matter
ascending pathways that carry sensory info up
87
Peripheral Nervous System
Contains sensory and motor divisions of all nerves
88
Afferent neurons
sensory. Go towards brain.
89
Efferent neurons
Motor. Go away from brain.
| Eff this motor. It's too hard to fix!
90
motor unit
motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
91
all or nothing
the entire motor unit contracts, ornate at all. Force is varied by number and size of motor units recruited
92
dermatome
band area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve root level
93
myotome
muscle or group of muscles supplied by a specific motor spinal nerve root level
94
steps to cause contraction:
action potential
sub threshold
threshold: strong enough action potential for one motor unit
submaximal stimuli: strong enough action potential for several motor units
maximal stimulus
95
type I motor neurons
small. easy to depolarize
96
type II motor neurons
larger and can conduct impulses faster
97
proprioceptors
located in muscles, skin, joints, tendons to sense movement and position
98
Joint Proprioceptors (mechanoreceptors)
located in joint capsules. Stimulated when they become "deformed" during a movement.
Two types: pacinian corpuscles and ruffini endings
99
Pacinian corpuscles
info about movement of joints
100
Ruffini Endings
info about movement of joints AND static position of joints
101
Muscle spindles
| purpose, location, associated reflex
senses amount of stretch and speed of stretch. located within muscle.
Myotatic (stretch) reflex: to prevent muscle from overstitching it flexes the muscle. good for performance
102
Golgi Tendon Organ
| purpose, location, associated reflex
senses tension that could tear tendon. Located within the tendon.
Inverse myotatic reflex: causes a relaxation of the muscle to prevent tendon tearing. Good for stretching.
103
ballistic stretching
rapid bouncing movement
104
static stretching
slow and constant, end position is held
105
proprioceptor neuromuscular facilitation stretching
| active and passive stretch
with a partner involving
passive movement: when a parter/machine provides force for stretch
active movement: when patient supplies the force of the stretch
106
autogenic inhibition
as tension increases in muscle, GTO sensory neuron synapses with inhibitory neuron which synapses with the motor neuron serving that muscle to inhibit it.
