section 12 Flashcards
(24 cards)
effusion
intra capsular tissue damage. swelling will involve the entire knee and extend above the knee cap.
EdEma
Extra capsular tissue damage. swelling will be more localized.
anterior capsule (knee)
distal quadriceps tendon, patella and its infra patellar ligament, expansion of quadricep muscles
posterior capsule (knee)
oblique (angled) popliteal ligament, arcuate (curved) popliteal ligament, popliteus, gastrocnemius, hamstring muscles.
lateral capsule (knee)
lateral collateral ligament, iliotibial band, vastus lateralis muscle
medial capsule (knee)
medial collateral ligament, the pes anserine muscle group, and vastus medalis muscle
joints of the knee
tibiofemoral (ginglymus)
Patellofemoral (arthrodial)
ligaments of the knee
Tibial (medial) collateral ligament- protects from valgus stress.
fibular (lateral) collateral ligament- protects from varus stress.
anterior cruciate ligament
protects against anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur. Limits hyperextension and extreme knee flexion
posterior cruciate ligament
protects against posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur and antioer displacement of the femur on the tibia.
oblique popliteal ligament
reinforces posterior knee joint capsule and resists full knee extension
lateral meniscus
has attachments to the arcuate popliteal ligament and popliteus muscle
menisci
deepens joint to enhance stability, congruency, and absorb shock. Carry 70% of the weight load on the tibia
knee joint movements and range of motion
flexion- 135
extension- 0
rotation (with knee flexed 30 degrees)- 15 internal rotation and 30 external rotation
screw home mechanism
during final degrees of knee extension tibia externally rotates 10 degrees. This aligns femoral condyles with the two knee joint menisci and situates the ankle so push off occurs at the first MTP joint for greater power. THIS ACTION LOCKS THE KNEE at both cruciate ligaments.
genu varum
bow legged. medial deviation of the tibia. Causes can be weight bearing on weak bones, lead/flouride poisoning. Treatment with braces, casts and special shoes. Can cause early knee arthritis.
genu valgum
knock knees. lateral deviation of the tibia. Causes are injury, obesity and rickets. Can’t be treated. Can cause early knee arthritis.
Genu recurvatum
backward bow of legs. Causes are weak ligaments, weak hamstrings, tight quads, or equinus.
Q angle (quadriceps angle)
The angle formed by the intersection of quad line of pull and the patellar tendon line of pull. Picture on page 118. -10 degrees for men and 15 degrees for women. 20 degrees can increase risk of ACL injury and patella dislocation
patellofemoral joint
arthrodial. between the posterior patella and the intercondylar groove of the femur.
Tracking- movement of the patella in it’s groove on the femur.
Improper tracking- altered continual movement of the patella. This breaks down the patella cartilage causing patellofemoral pain syndrome.
patella alta vs. patella baja
proper ratio between patella length to patella tendon length is 1:1.
Patella Alta: >1:1. patellar tendon is longer. (camel sign)
Patella Baja: <1:1. Patellar tendon is shorter. (The party is down under)
Torsion
internal twist of bone on itself.
types of torsion
internal tibial, external tibial, internal femoral, external femoral
Testing for torsion
step one: determine if torsion is present while subject is standing. Patella and feet do not line up.
step two: have subject sit on table with feet dangling. Femoral torsion if feet point straight ahead. Tibial torsion if feet point out (external tibial torsion) or in (internal tibial torsion.)
