section 13

Question 1

acute anterior compartment syndrome

Answer 1

caused by significant injury such as direct trauma to the front of the leg. Emergency as it will cause loss of blood flow to area due to high pressure.
Symptoms: the 5 P’s.
Pain, Pale, Paraesthesis (tingling), pulselessness, paralysis

Question 2

chronic anterior compartment syndrome

Answer 2

not a medical emergency. Related to physical exertion.

Question 3

inferior tibiofibular joint

Answer 3

amphiarthrodial (slightly moveable) and syndesmosis (held together by strong ligaments). The union between distal tibia and fibula.
Connected by anterior/posterior inferior tibiofibular ligaments, and the interosseous membrane (the mortice stabilizers).

Question 4

the ankle joint

Answer 4

hinge ginglymus joint. 
Dorsiflexion- 20 degrees
plantarflexion- 50 degrees
closed pack- fully dorsiflexed
open pack- plantarflexed 10 degrees
page 122

Question 5

subtalar joint

Answer 5

arthrodial. junction between inferior talus and superior calcaneous bone.
Joint helps with inversion (turning food inward, ROM 35) and eversion (turning foot outward, ROM 15).

Question 6

mid tarsal joint

Answer 6

arthrodial. joint between the calcaneous and the cuboid bones on the lateral side of the foot, and the talus and navicular bones on the medial side of the foot.
Joint helps with inversion (turning food inward, ROM 35) and eversion (turning foot outward, ROM 15).

Question 7

hindfoot

Answer 7

talus and calcaneous bones

Question 8

midfoot

Answer 8

navicular, cuboid, and 3 cuniform bones

Question 9

forefoot

Answer 9

the 5 metatarsals and all the phalanges

Question 10

deltoid ligament complex (4)

Notice how all attach to tibia/have tibia in name

Answer 10

medial stabilizer ligaments:
tibiocalcaneal (attaches malleolus (ankle bone) to calcaneous)
Tibionavicular (attaches malleolus to navicular)
Ant. tibiotalar (attaches ant. malleolus to ant. talus)
Posterior tibiotalar ligament (attaches post. malleolus to post. talus)

Question 11

lateral stabilizers (3)
notice how all attach to fibula/have fibula in name

Answer 11

Ant. Talofibular (horizontal. Attaches lateral malleolus to ant. talus)
Calcaneofibular (vertical. attaches lateral malleolus to calcaneous)
Post. talofibular (horizontal. Attaches lateral malleolus to post. talus).

Question 12

medial longitudinal arch

Answer 12

Runs on medial side of foot from the calcaneus to the first 3 metatarsals. Receives weight of the body. Supported by the tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior muscles

Question 13

lateral longitudinal arch

Answer 13

runs on the lateral side of the foot from the calcaneus to the fourth and fifth metatarsals. Supported by the peroneus longus muscle

Question 14

transverse arch

Answer 14

runs side to side through the 3 cuniforms to the cuboid.

Question 15

the arches are maintained by 3 aspects

Answer 15

the shape of the tarsal bone
the plantar ligaments/fascia
the muscles of the leg and foot

Question 16

Spring ligament
(ligaments/fascia that maintain arches)

Answer 16

attaches medially to calcaneus and navicular. Supports medial longitudinal arch

Question 17

Long Plantar ligament

ligaments/fascia that maintain arches

Answer 17

most superficial and longest ligament. Attaches calcaneus, cuboid, and 3-5 metatarsals. Supports lateral longitudinal arch

Question 18

short plantar ligament

ligaments/fascia that maintain arches

Answer 18

Attaches to calcaneus and cuboid. Assists long plantar ligament

Question 19

Plantar fascia
(ligaments/fascia that maintain arches)

Answer 19

attaches from calcaneus to all proximal phalanges. Keeps everything secured. Provides the Windlass mechanism

Question 20

Windlass mechanism

Answer 20

The plantar fascia crosses the MTP joint. During gait push off the MTP joint is hyperextended which stretches the fascia. This creates tension that pulls the heel closer to the toes, which raises the arch and locks the foot bones for a more rigid push off.

Question 21

Transverse crural

retinaculum of the ankle/foot

Answer 21

attaches lateral distal fibula and medial distal tibia

Question 22

Cruciate

retinaculum of the ankle/foot

Answer 22

Y band that connects to lateral calcaneous and medial malleolus and plantar aponeurosis

Question 23

peroneal retinaculum

retinaculum of the ankle/foot

Answer 23

Superior: attaches post. lateral malleolus to calcaneous
inferior: attaches lateral superior calcaneous to lateral inferior calcaneous

Question 24

flexor retinaculum

retinaculum of the ankle/foot

Answer 24

attaches medial malleolus to medial tarsal bones

Question 25

foot pronation in walking

Answer 25

contains eversion and abduction of foot. This unlocks the subtalar joint to allow adaptation to changing surfaces. The transverse tarsal joint moves into pronation.

Question 26

foot supination in walking

Answer 26

contains inversion and foot adduction. Functions to return subtalar to rigid position for push off when walking. The transverse tarsal joint moves into supination.