section 10

Question 1

what kind of joint is the atlantooccipital joint

Answer 1

condyloidal

Question 2

what kind of joint is the atlantoaxial joint

Answer 2

composed of two smaller joints- arthrodial and trochoidal

Question 3

atlantooccipital joint movement

Answer 3

15 degrees flexion and extension

Question 4

atlantoaxial joint movement

Answer 4

C1 rotates around C2, causing head rotation. 40 degrees both ways

Question 5

spinal joints between adjacent vertebrae

Answer 5

Involves a middle joint (intervertebral disc joint) and two lateral joints (vertebral facet joints which connect to inferior/superior articular processes of each vertebrae).

Question 6

vertebral facet position in spinal flexion

Answer 6

both facets open

Question 7

vertebral facet position in spinal extension

Answer 7

both facets closed

Question 8

vertebral facet position in side bending and rotation

Answer 8

concave side closes and convex sides opens

Question 9

intervertebral disc joint contains

Answer 9

• outer annulus fibrosus
• inner nucleus pulposus
• two vertebral endplates

Question 10

annulus fibrosus

Answer 10

fibrocartilaginous material that resists distraction forces, shear forces, and torsion forces

Question 11

nucleus pulposus

Answer 11

gel in the middle of annulus fibrosis that does shock absorption

Question 12

vertebral endplate

Answer 12

hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage lining articular surfaces of each vertebra.

Question 13

ligamentum nuchae

Answer 13

connects spinous processes. From external occipital protuberance to C7. Protects against extreme head/neck flexion

Question 14

Supraspinal

Answer 14

connects outer spinous processes from C7 to Sacrum. protects against extreme thoracic/lumbar flexion

Question 15

Ligamentum Flavum

Answer 15

provides protection to neural elements of spine

Question 16

interspinal

Answer 16

connects inner spinous processes to protect against extreme spinal flexion

Question 17

intertransverse

Answer 17

connects transverse processes and protects against extreme lateral spinal flexion

Question 18

anterior longitudinal

Answer 18

connects anterior vertebral bodies and protects against extreme spinal extension

Question 19

posterior longitudinal

Answer 19

connects posterior vertebral bodies and protects against extreme spinal flexion

Question 20

abdominal aponeurosis provides attachments for

Answer 20

anterior. external and internal abdominal obliques, transverse abominus muscles

Question 21

Linea alba

Answer 21

where the right and left abdominal aponeuroses meet at midline

Question 22

tendinous intersections

Answer 22

divide rectus abdomens into segments and contribute to abdominal aponeurosis

Question 23

abdominal Ptosis

Answer 23

sagging abdomen

Question 24

beevor’s sign

Answer 24

umbilicus displacement

Question 25

Thoracolumbar Fascia

Answer 25

posterior lumbar and thoracic trunk regions. Provides attachment for muscles and adds stability.

Question 26

Lordosis

Answer 26

excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (anterior pelvic tilt). Can be a compensatory deformity to kyphosis. Bony changes are uncommon

Question 27

scoliosis

Answer 27

lateral deviations of the spine with associated vertebral rotation. spinous processes rotate toward concavity of the curve while vertebral bodies rotate toward convexity of the curve. Usually onsets during puberty.

Question 28

Signs of scoliosis

Answer 28

``` shoulder asymmetry unilateral scapular prominence rotation of trunk deviations of spinous processes chest flatness on side of convexity ```

Question 29

adams forward bend test

Answer 29

have patient bend forward at waist 90 degrees

Question 30

scoliosis <20 degrees

Answer 30

therapeutic exercise and monitor

Question 31

scoliosis 20 to 30 degrees

Answer 31

bracing and therapeutic exercise

Question 32

scoliosis 30 to 40 degrees

Answer 32

requires surgery

Question 33

scoliosis 40 to 50 degrees

Answer 33

significant limitation, arthritis, degenerative disc disease

Question 34

cobb method for measuring degree of scoliosis

Answer 34

choose the most tilted vertebrae above and below the apex of the curve. The angle between intersecting lines drawn perpendicular to the top of the vertebrae and the bottom of the vertebrae