Brown Chapter 8 (3) Flashcards
(41 cards)
1
Q
3 meanings of self-esteem
A
- global self-esteem
- self-evaluations
- feelings of self-worth
2
Q
global self-esteem **
A
-a personality variable that captures the way people generally feel about themselves
3
Q
state self-esteem (global )
A
the way people generally feel about themselves
4
Q
self-evaluations
A
- the way people evaluate their various abilities and attributes
- the way people evaluate or appraise their abilities and personality characteristics
5
Q
feelings of self-worth
A
- momentary emotional states, particularly those that arise from a positive or negative outcomes
- positive: feeling proud
- negative: humiliated and ashamed
6
Q
cognitive approach…self-esteem is
A
-an overall evaluation of oneself
- information integration
- an evaluation based on emotions
-a more or less conscious decision people make regarding their worth as a person
7
Q
affective response to self-esteem
A
self-esteem made up belonging and mastery feelings, which develop early in life
8
Q
Rosenberg self-esteem scale
A
- developed to assess global self-esteem
- focuses on people’s general feelings toward themselves, without referring to any specific quality or attribute
9
Q
Problems with self-report measures of self-esteem: self-presentational concerns and defensive processes
A
- Self-presentational concerns: Rather than rating how they really feel about themselves, people may distort their responses to create a particular impression
- Defensive processes: people may be fooling themselves by defensively claiming to feel better about themselves than they really do
10
Q
what is implicit self-esteem?
A
f
11
Q
how can implicit self-esteem be measured? describe different tasks
A
- name letter effect: like own initials more than letters not in their name
- signature size effect
- Self-esteem IAT: how fast individuals associate positively o negatively valenced words with self
12
Q
is the relation between implicit & explicit self-esteem strong?
A
f
13
Q
secure and defensive high self-esteem
A
-secure: positive self-views that are secure and confidently held
14
Q
secure and defensive high self-esteem… how are they likely to react to criticism
A
- secure: positive self-views that are secure and confidently held
- defensive high self-esteem: positive self-views that are fragile and vulnerable to threat, leads people to zealously promote and protect their self-esteem
15
Q
damaged self-esteem …what does it predict
A
- negative self-views that are discrepant from non-conscious vies of self
- predicts: psychological distress, depression, suicidal ideation, loneliness
16
Q
Narcissism… what is it?
A
- exaggerated sense of self-importance, entitlement
- grandiose, exhibitionistic, manipulative
17
Q
differentiate the trait and the personality disorder
A
-show less perspective taking and low empathetic concern
18
Q
how is narcissism related to self-esteem
A
- defensive self-esteem = contingent self esteem = shame = unstable self-esteem
- dissociated implicit and explicit self-esteem = continent self esteem = hubristic pride= unstable self-esteem
19
Q
what are the two main phenotypes of narcissism,?
A
- narcissistic grandiosity: entitlement and absorption; associated with sense of superiority and perfection
- narcissistic vulnerability: hypersensitivity to rejection and criticism, associated with shame, rages and avoiding relationships
20
Q
2 components of self-esteem
A
- sense of belonging
- sense of mastery
21
Q
sense of belonging
A
- feeling that one is unconditionally loved and valued simply for who one is
- gives a secure base in life
- do not occur at a conscious level
- more intuitive
22
Q
sense of mastery
A
- more personal in nature
- involves the perception that one is having an impact on the world
- the feeling we get when we are immersed in an activity or are striving to overcome some obstacle
23
Q
strange situation
A
Measure of how children reacts when separated from and reunited with caregiver
24
Q
3 attachment styles
A
- secure
- anxious/ambivalent
- avoidant
25
secure
- closeness to the mother and independence
- lack of concern with being abandoned
- Eager to see mother when she returns
- mastery and belonging needs met
26
anxious/ambivalent
- Have difficulty separating; unwilling or afraid to explore the environment
- Become distressed and upset when mother leaves
- Cling to mother and show signs of insecure dependence when mom returns
- sense of mastery but not belonging
27
avoidant
- Avoid or ignore mother altogether
- Little difficulty separating and little distressed when mom leaves
- Show little interest in mom when she returns; prefer to play alone
- Evade intimacy and closeness with their mothers
- sense of belonging but not mastery
28
which attachment style is associated with the highest level of self-esteem
secure
29
authoritarian parenting style
- parents always try to be in control and exert their control on the children.
- Set strict rules to try to keep order and usually do this without much expression of warmth or affection
-children are compliant and submissive, low self-esteem
30
permissive parenting style
- parents give up most control to their children.
- Make few, if any, rules, and the rules that they make are usually not consistently enforced
- children aggressive and act out
31
authoritative parenting style
- parents help children learn to be responsible for themselves and to think about the consequences of their behavior.
- provide clear, reasonable expectations for their children and explanations for why they expect their children to behave in a particular manner
32
Crocker, Voelkl Testa, and Major (k1991) design
- African American college students completed a questionnaire regarding their attitudes, values, and personal qualities
- Told response would be shown to another person (said to be Caucasian) and learn whether the other person liked them or not = unseen condition
- told the other person could see them through a one-way mirror and either be aware or not aware of the participant's race = seen condition
33
Crocker, Voelkl Testa, and Major (k1991) results and conclusions
- Unseen condition: A.A felt good about themselves when told the other person liked them, and bad when other person did not like them
- Seen condition: feelings toward themselves did not change as a function of the feedback they received
- conclusion: students attributed the evaluation they received to their race, not their personality
34
sociometer theory
we want to avoid social exclusion & self-esteem lets us know how we stand with others
35
terror management theory
- we need meaning in life to overcome death anxiety
| - self-esteem can help buffer us from this existential anxiety
36
Relationship between self-esteem and taking negative feedback personally
- Low self-esteem = felt good when succeeding, felt bad about themselves when failed/ take failure personally, humiliates them and makes them feel ashamed of themselves
- High self-esteem = feelings did not depend so much on whether they had just succeeded or failed
37
unstable high self-esteem
- Represents a kind of pseudo or defensive high self-esteem
- Feel good about themselves only when things are going well
- A disguised form of low self-esteem
38
Relationship between self-esteem and risk-taking behavior
- Low self-esteem people avoid taking risks more
| - bothered by negative self-relevant feedback, pursue a psychologically safer (but potentially less rewarding) strategy
39
Tice 1991 design
-Participants told they were going to take a test that measured an important intellectual ability
○ Self-protection condition: told test could clearly detect low ability but could not clearly identify high ability
○ Self-enhancement condition: told test could clearly identify high ability but could not clearly detect low ability
Gave participants time to practice before taking the test
40
Tice 1991 results
○ Low self-esteem: handicapped themselves by not practicing when they believed that failure could clearly disclose low ability
-High self-esteem: handicapped themselves by not practicing when they believed that success could clearly reveal high ability
41
Tice 1991 conclusions
○ Low self-esteem people use self-handicapping to avoid the perception that they have low ability (form of self-protection)
○ High self-esteem people use self-handicapping to augment the perception that they have high ability (form of self-enhancement)
