C-3

Question 1

What do enzymes do and how do they work?

Answer 1

catalyze reactions so they occur at a biologically relevant rate (by having a substrate attach to their active site)

Question 2

How are enzymes regulated?

Answer 2

inhibition - turn off when don’t need
activation - turn on when you need it

Question 3

holoenzymes vs apoenzymes

Answer 3

complete enzyme vs part of one

Question 4

exoenzymes vs endoenzymes

Answer 4

extracellular (outside cell) vs intracellular (inside cell)

Question 5

Give examples of when cells might use endo- and exo- enzymes

Answer 5

for breaking or building bonds (?)

Question 6

oxidoreductases

Answer 6

transfer electrons; both exergonic and endergonic

Question 7

transferases

Answer 7

Transfer functional groups; endergonic

Question 8

hydrolases

Answer 8

break molecules with water (hydrolysis); exergonic

Question 9

lyases

Answer 9

break molecules without water (lysis); exergonic

Question 10

isomerases

Answer 10

rearrange molecules into isomers; can be both exergonic and endergonic

Question 11

synthetases/ligases

Answer 11

link larger molecules together using ATP as an energy source; endergonic

Question 12

synthases

Answer 12

synthesize molecules without ATP; endergonic

Question 13

polymerases

Answer 13

polymerize monomers of nucleotides into chains; endergonic

Question 14

Catabolic and Anabolic reactions

Answer 14

breaking down vs building

Question 15

Exergonic and Endergonic reactions

Answer 15

release energy (catabolism) vs require energy (anabolism)

Question 16

Oxidation and Reduction reactions
• Include NAD+ and NADH in your discussion of redox: which is the reduced form?

Answer 16

losing electrons vs gaining electrons; oxidation loses electrons to give to NAD+ and stored to make NADH (reduced form)

Question 17

ATP synthesis

Answer 17

making ATP as a chemical energy source (endergonic)

Question 18

Aerobic respiration (glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs/TCA cycle, electron transport chain/ETC)

Answer 18

1. glycolysis: break sugar in half and oxidize to make pyruvate (2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate)
2. pyruvate oxidation by stripping pyruvate of carbon (2 CO2, 2 NADH, 2-carbons)
3. Krebs cycle: cycle 2-carbon molecules and rearrange to make NADH and ATP (4 CO2, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 6 NADH)
4. ETC: losing electrons and H+ to convert to ATP by chemiosmosis and oxidative phosphorylation (very end product to complete glucose oxidation = water)

Question 19

Anaerobic respiration (glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, ETC)

Answer 19

same but doesn’t use oxygen - makes ATP from glucose instead

Question 20

Fermentation

Answer 20

catabolic pathway;
recycle NADH generated during glycolysis; NADH -> NAD+ (oxidize NADH) for cell to keep running glycolysis (anaerobic process so ATP is made from glucose); only make 2 ATP from glycolysis

Question 21

Photosynthesis

Answer 21

using light energy to produce glucose from CO2 and H2O (6 H2O, 6 CO2, 18 ATP, 12 NADH to produce 1 glucose)

Question 22

substrate

Answer 22

Reactants in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction (fits into enzyme)

Question 23

active site

Answer 23

The portion of the enzyme that binds to and acts upon the substrate

Question 24

activation energy

Answer 24

the minimum amount of energy it takes to get a chemical reaction started

Question 25

reversible inhibition - noncompetitive

Answer 25

substrate and inhibitor are not competing for the same site – they can look nothing alike because they are trying to sit in different places on the enzyme (allosteric site- binds to change active site shape so no one can bind there)

Question 26

reversible inhibition - competitive

Answer 26

substrate and inhibitor are directly competing to sit in the same active site of an enzyme

Question 27

irreversible inhibition

Answer 27

permanently binds the active site of the enzyme

Question 28

feedback inhibition

Answer 28

When an end-product itself is used to turn off an enzyme

Question 29

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 29

synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase and the electron transport chain

Question 30

Substrate-Level phosphorylation

Answer 30

synthesis of ATP by coupling the direct transfer of a Phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

Question 31

what is not a product of fermentation

Answer 31

glucose

Question 32

order of least ATP produced

Answer 32

pyruvate oxidation krebs ETC anaerobic ETC aerobic

Question 33

T/F molecular O2 can't be a terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration

Answer 33

true

Question 34

T/F anaerobic respiration is more efficient and makes less ATP than aerobic respiration

Answer 34

false

Question 35

T/F anaerobic respiration can use nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor

Answer 35

true

Question 36

T/F anaerobic respiration is different than aerobic but it does use ETC of sorts

Answer 36

true

Question 37

T/F organisms that do anaerobic respiration do live in aerobic places

Answer 37

false