C-4

Question 1

central dogma of molecular biology (DNA -> RNA -> Protein)

Answer 1

• DNA is replicated to proved a blueprint for each daughter cell produced during cell division (DNA->DNA)
• DNA is used as a blueprint to create transcripts of specific genes (DNA->RNA)
• RNA transcripts are used as instructions for ribosomes to synthesize proteins (RNA->protein)

Question 2

process of gene expression

Answer 2

making a product from the information stored or encoded in the gene

Question 3

chromosomal DNA vs plasmid DNA (what kinds of genes are housed on the chromosomes versus plasmids?)

Answer 3

chromosomal- DNA housed and essential for life

plasmid- house antibiotic resistance genes and not essential for normal metabolism

Question 4

structure and biosynthesis (replication) of DNA

Answer 4

structure- made of nucleotides (bases, sugar, and phosphate), double stranded and antiparallel

replication- separate strands and make cope both sides

Question 5

What are Okazaki fragments and why are they made?

Answer 5

pieces of discontinuous DNA (fragments) that happens during replication

Question 6

genotype vs phenotype

Answer 6

DNA vs protein

Question 7

steps of transcription

Answer 7

making RNA copies of the DNA gene
- promoter
- use DNA to make RNA
- terminator
- RNA polymerase

Question 8

process of translation

Answer 8

protein synthesis
- ribosomal binding site and start codon
- use RNA to make protein
- start codon

Question 9

codon vs anticodon

Answer 9

the anticodon is complementary and antiparallel to the codon

Question 10

operon and how they are regulated

Answer 10

group of genes under same promoter and terminator; stop promoter to regulate when proteins are made

Question 11

Regulation of an operon: Constitutive vs induction and repression

Answer 11

constitutive: always on
regulated: can be turned off
repression: to turn off
induction: to turn on

Question 12

Which step in gene expression is most often regulated?

Answer 12

transcription

Question 13

What is a polycistronic mRNA?

Answer 13

when operons are transcribed, the cell ends up with multiple gene transcripts on a single mRNA; translating multiple proteins from one mRNA

Question 14

What is co-transcriptional translation?

Answer 14

prokaryotes multitasking; prokaryotes don’t do transcription in a nucleus so they start doing translation while transcription is still occurring

Question 15

mutations and how they occur

Answer 15

heritable changes in the DNA permanently passed to daughter cells; occur naturally when DNA polymerase makes mistakes in replication

Question 16

point mutations/base substitutions

Answer 16

when one nucleotide is substituted with another

Question 17

nonsense

Answer 17

stop codon; middle letter is changed

Question 18

missense

Answer 18

wrong amino acid; changes 1st letter

Question 19

same sense/silent

Answer 19

same amino acid; changes last letter

Question 20

frameshift

Answer 20

adding or remixing multiples of bases; different stop and start points

Question 21

chromosomal-level mutations

Answer 21

insertion
deletion
duplication
iversion
translocation

Question 22

insertion

Answer 22

inserting a large piece of DNA

Question 23

deletion

Answer 23

removing a large piece of DNA

Question 24

inversion

Answer 24

segment fo DNA reversed

Question 25

duplication

Answer 25

copying a segment of DNA

Question 26

translocation

Answer 26

segment of DNA is swapped with another

Question 27

consequences of mutation and when would a mutation affect the genotype but not phenotype

Answer 27

changing too much can alter outcomes; genotypes are always affected - phenotypes can change under different environmental conditions and not always affected by original mutation physically

Question 28

Describe how plasmids, restriction endonucleases, and ligases are used in recombinant DNA technology

Answer 28

cloning and gene slicing

Question 29

transformation

Answer 29

acquiring DNA from the environment

Question 30

conjugation

Answer 30

bacterial sex - using pilus to transfer DNA

Question 31

transduction

Answer 31

uses bacteriophage to transfer DNA

Question 32

transposition

Answer 32

jumping genes- acquired from plasmids