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HUMB1000 > C7 kidney > Flashcards

C7 kidney Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Main organs of the urinary system

A
  • 2 kidneys
  • 2 ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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2
Q

Which organ produces urine

A

kidneys

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3
Q

Which organ transports urine

A

Ureter & urethra

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4
Q

Internal structures of the kidney

A

Cortex
Medulla
Hilum
Renal column
Renal pyramid
Renal papilla
Minor calyces
Major calyces
renal sinus
Renal pelvis
Renal artery
Renal vein

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5
Q

Hilum

A

Concave side

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6
Q

Renal column

A

extensions of the cortical tissue in medullaR

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7
Q

Renal pyramid

A

base projects into cortex

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8
Q

Renal sinus

A

filled with fat & loose CT

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9
Q

Renal pelvis

A

single, large funnel-shaped chamber

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10
Q

What is a nephron

A

the functional unit of the kidney

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11
Q

What are the parts of a nephron

A
  1. Renal corpuscle
  2. PCT
  3. Loop of Henle
  4. DCT
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12
Q

Process that occurs in nephron

A

filtration
- filtrate/urine produced

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13
Q

Urine flow

A

nephron -> papillary ducts -> minor calyces -> major calyces -> renal pelvis -> ureter

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14
Q

Number of nephron in each kidney

A

~1.3million

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15
Q

length of nephron

A

~50-55mm

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16
Q

Juxtamedullary nephron

A

Renal corpuscle deep in cortex, near medulla

Loop of Henle extending deep into medulla

15% of nephrons

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17
Q

Location of Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

next to glomerulus

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18
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

cuff of smooth cells surrounds afferent arteriole

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19
Q

specialised cells at a section of DCT for juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Macula dense

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20
Q

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete

A

renin - regulate filtrate formation & BP regulation

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21
Q

Cortical nephron

A

renal corpuscle located near periphery

Shorter loop of henle

85% of nephrons

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22
Q

Glomerulus

A

network of capillaries

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23
Q

Bowman capsule

Study These Flashcards
A

Enlarged end of nephron
Double walled chamber
Filters blood / fluid moves –> PCT

24
Q

Blood flow in Renal corpuscle

Study These Flashcards
A

unfiltered blood –> afferent arteriole –> filtered blood –> efferent arteriole

size diff = pressure diff

25
Epithelium of Bowman capsule
Parietal - simple squamous, becomes cuboidal in PCT Visceral - Specialised cells (podocytes), wrap around the glomerular capillaries
26
Filtration membrane
specialised for filtration 1. Fenestrae 2. Basement membrane 3. Filtraton slits
27
Fenestrae
Little windows in the glomerular capillaries, which are highly permeable
28
Basement membrane
sandwiched between the endothelial cells of the glomerular
29
Filtration slits
Gaps between the cell processes of the podocytes
30
Proximal convoluted tubule
Filtrate drains to Bowman capsule
31
Loop of Henle
Descending/ascending limb
32
Distal convoluted tubule
Shorter than PCT
33
Collecting duct
Several DCT connects to a single collect duct Large diameter Extends through medulla towards renal papilla -> ureter
34
Nephron histology - PCT
Simple cuboidal Many microvilli & mitochondria Active reabsorption of NA+, K+ & Cl-
35
Nephron histology - Loop of Henle
Thick - simple cuboidal Thin - simple squamous (for diffusion)
36
Nephron histology - DCT
Simple cuboidal Few microvilli, many mitochondria Active reabsorption
37
Nephron histology - Collecting duct
Simple cuboidal
38
How does the Glomerulus contribute to urine formation & excretion of wastes
Filtration Fluid derived from blood flows across filtration membrane Filtrate: water, small molecules & ions that can pass through membrane
39
How does tubular reabsorption contribute to urine formation & excretion of wastes
Return of water, small molecules & ions back to blood
40
Tubular reabsorption- flow of filtrate
Filtrate flows through the lumen of renal tubules, substances reabsorbed across renal tubule -> interstitial fluid -> peritubular capillaries -> into circulation
41
Tubular reabsorption- PCT
35% filtrate remaining after PCT Basal membrane- Active transport (Na+), symport (glucose), facilitated diffusion & osmosis Apical membrane - Symport, osmosis - simple cuboidal cell lining the nephron
42
Tubular reabsorption- Loop of Henle
Filtrate decrease by 15% in loop of Henle Reabsorption of water & ions Thin segments - simple squamous, highly permeable to water, some solutes can move by diffusion
43
Tubular reabsorption- DCT & Collecting duct
Some reabsorption - under control of ADH ADH --> more permeable to water --> more reabsorption --> less urine & more concentrated
44
How does tubular secretion contribute to urine formation & excretion of wastes
Mainly DCT = Movement of non-filtered substances, toxic by-products of metabolism, drugs/molecules not normally produced by the body, into the nephron for excretion Active/passive Passive - ammonia --> toxic byproduct of protein metabolism, diffuses into lumen of nephron Active - H+, K+, penicillin --> actively secreted into nephron
45
What do we reabsorb from urine during its production
water, amino acids, glucose, fructose, Na+, Ca2+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-
46
What do we secrete into the urine as it is being produced
Passive - ammonia Active secretion - H+ - K+ - Penicillin
47
Urine movement
Pressure forces urine through nephron Peristalsis- ureter -> urinary bladder (every few seconds/mins) - parasympathetic stimulation - increase freq - sympathetic stimulation - decrease freq
48
Purpose of trigone pressure
Prevent backflow
49
Urine
1% of filtrate 1-2L/day 95% water Dilute/concentrated according to the body's needs - urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatinine, K+, H+ - bile pigment - drugs & toxins
50
Micturition reflex
Flow of urine- ureter -> bladder = continuous bladder -> urethra = not continuous Bladder capacity -> ~1L Micturition: elimination of urine from bladder - Full bladder -> stretch receptors -> CNS message - Voluntary control of external urinary sphincter -> relax -> urination
51
Urinary bladder
Hollow, msucular organ
52
Epithelium of bladder
Transitional
53
Trigone of bladder
Triangular region, funnel to empty bladder
54
Internal urinary sphicter location
At the junction of bladder & urethra
55
External urinary sphincter
Made up of skeletal muscles Voluntary control

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