C3 Are you what you eat?

Question 1

carbohydrates

Answer 1

• Most come from plants (lactose → milk)
• Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen = CHO
• 2H and 1O for every C

Question 2

Use of carbohydrates

Answer 2

Glucose -> produce ATP

Energy - warmth, movement, brain activity, muscle contraction

Question 3

Lipids

Answer 3

• Composed mostly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sometimes nitrogen and phosphorus
• Lower ratio of O to C than carbs, relatively insoluble in water
• Ingested and broken down to release energy
• Triglycerides makes up 95% of fats in body
• Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Question 4

Proteins

Answer 4

• Amino acids are not stored in the body

Question 5

Functions of proteins

Answer 5

Regulate body functions

Question 6

Vitamins

Answer 6

• Organic molecules in very small quantities in food
• Essential for normal metabolism but can’t be produced by the body

Question 7

Too much Vitamin C

Answer 7

stomach inflammation, diarrhea

Question 8

Vitamin deficits- D

Answer 8

rickets

Question 9

Minerals

Answer 9

• Inorganic nutrients

Question 10

Iron deficiency

Answer 10

anaemia

Question 11

What does the process of digestion do?

Answer 11

Mechanical - breaks large food particles to smaller ones
Chemical - breaking of covalent bonds by digestive enzymes

Question 12

role of insulin and glucagon

Answer 12

blood sugar homeostasis

Question 13

role of lipase

Answer 13

breakdown lipids

Question 14

role of pancreatic amylase

Answer 14

breakdown carbohydrates

Question 15

role of trypsin

Answer 15

breakdown proteins

Question 16

Mucosa

Answer 16

innermost layer, secrets mucus

Question 17

Submucosa

Answer 17

connective tissue layer, contains blood vessels, nerves

Question 18

Muscularis

Answer 18

⅔ muscle layers, movement & secretion

Question 19

Serosa / adventitia

Answer 19

outermost layer, connective tissue, stability

Question 20

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

Answer 20

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Question 21

What are the stages of digestion and where do they occur?

Answer 21

1. Ingestion
2. Mastication
3. Secretive
4. Digestion
5. Absorption
6. Elimination

Question 22

How are the products of digestion produced

Answer 22

• Mouth, stomach, small intestine
• Mechanical digestion breaks down large food particles to smaller ones
• Chemical digestion breaks covalent bonds by digestive enzymes

Question 23

Absorption of digested products

Answer 23

• Nutrients from the small intestine, water from the large intestine
• Molecules are moved out of digestive tract into circulation for distribution throughout body (via liver)

Question 24

use of digested nutrients

Answer 24

• Chemicals taken in to the body to produce energy
• Provide building blocks to build other molecules
• Small amounts of vitamins and minerals taken in to body without being digested

Question 25

use of digested proteins

Answer 25

Globular - haemoglobin Structural - muscle proteins / CT Cell membrane transport Enzymes Hormones Antibodies

Question 26

Uses of carbohydrate- excess glucose turns into

Answer 26

glycogen and stored in muscles and liver cells

Question 27

use of carbohydrate- excess glucose beyond storage

Answer 27

fat

Question 28

Use of carbohydrate- sugars

Answer 28

becomes part of DNA, RNA, ATP, glycoproteins, glycolipids

Question 29

Essential proteins

Answer 29

cannot be produced, body must obtain from the diet

Question 30

Non-essential proteins

Answer 30

still required by body, but can be synthesised from amino acids

Question 31

Potassium deficiency

Answer 31

muscle weakness, abnormal heart function

Question 32

Iodine deficiency

Answer 32

goitre

Question 33

Vitamin K is produced by

Answer 33

intestinal bacterial

Question 34

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 34

ADEK

Question 35

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 35

BC

Question 36

Monosaccharides

Answer 36

Glucose (blood sugar) Fructose (fruit sugar) Galactose (milk sugar)

Question 37

Disaccharides

Answer 37

Glucose+fructose= sucrose (tabel sugar) Glucose+galactose= lactose (milk) glucose+glucose= maltose

Question 38

Polysaccharides

Answer 38

long chains glycogen starch & cellulose

Question 39

Uses of lipids- Triglycerides

Answer 39

Produce ATP, excess stored in adipose/liver

Question 40

Uses of lipids- Cholesterol

Answer 40

found in the liver/egg yolks/manufactured by body Component of plasma membranes modified to form bile salts

Question 41

Uses of lipids- Phospholipids

Answer 41

major components of plasma membranes, myelin sheath, part of bile

Question 42

Uses of lipids- Eicosanoids

Answer 42

derived from fatty acids. Involved in inflammation, blood clotting, tissue repair, smooth muscle contraction

Question 43

complete protein

Answer 43

contains all 9 essential aa's

Question 44

incomplete protein

Answer 44

have to mix to get all 9

Question 45

Too much Vitamin A

Answer 45

toxic during pregnancy

Question 46

Too much Vitamin D

Answer 46

alter calcium metabolism

Question 47

Vitamin deficiency- C

Answer 47

scurvy

Question 48

Vitamin deficiency- B

Answer 48

beriberi

Question 49

Minerals are components of

Answer 49

coenzymes, some vitamins, haemoglobin, organic molecules

Question 50

Functions of minerals

Answer 50

* Membrane potential & action potentials * Add mechanical strength to bones and teeth

Question 51

Minerals are available from

Answer 51

plant and animal based foods

Question 52

Salivary amylase

Answer 52

digests carbohydrates

Question 53

Pepsin

Answer 53

Digests protein into smaller peptide chains; activates pepsinogen

Question 54

gastric lipase

Answer 54

Digests minor amount of liquids

Question 55

Bile

Answer 55

Emulsifies lipids

Question 56

Lysosome

Answer 56

Antibacterial action, prevents bacterial infection

Question 57

Digestive enzymes

Answer 57

Masticstion

Question 58

Ingestion

Answer 58

Mouth Introduction of food into stomach (via mouth)

Question 59

Mastication

Answer 59

Mouth Chewing → mechanical digestion to break down large particles, facilitates chemical digestion

Question 60

Secretive

Answer 60

Lubricate, liquefy, digest

Question 61

Digestion

Answer 61

Mouth, Stomach, small intestine Mechanical and chemical digestion of food into nutrients

Question 62

Absorption

Answer 62

Movement of nutrients out of digestive tract into cells

Question 63

Elimination

Answer 63

Waste products removed from body; faeces. defecation