cancerr

Question 1

what is a tumor

Answer 1

Any kind of mass forming lesion.

Question 2

causes

Answer 2

eoplastic, hamartomatous or inflammatory

Question 3

what are neoplasm

Answer 3

The autonomous growth of tissue which have escaped normal constraints on cell proliferation.

Question 4

2 forms of neoplasm

Answer 4

benign (remain localised) or

malignant (invade locally and/or spread to distant sites).

Question 5

which sort are cancer

Answer 5

Cancers are malignant neoplasms.

Question 6

processs as to which neoplasm spread

Answer 6

metastasis

Question 7

difference betwene the malignant and beningn neoplasm strcture

Answer 7

b clear demarcation - can move around - not attached to the skin

m invades the local tissue - fixed

Question 8

do malignant tumors always casuse death

Answer 8

no rarely do, and some benign tumors kill usully due to location in vital structure e.g. brain

Question 9

what are Hamartomas

what abnormalities do they display

Answer 9

These are localised benign overgrowths of one of more mature cell types e.g. in the lung.
They represent architectural but not cytological abnormalities e.g. their arrangement
For example: lung hamartomas are composed of cartilage and bronchial tissue.

Question 10

Heterotopias

Answer 10

These are normal tissue being found in parts of the body where they are not normally present.
For example: pancreas in the wall of the large intestine.

Question 11

what is primary descrition of a neoplasm bsaed on

Answer 11

cell origin

Question 12

what is secondary desciption based on

Answer 12

benign or malignant.

Question 13

example usinh cartliage

Answer 13

chondro meaning cartliage
suffix of oma means benign
suffix of carcoma means malignant soft tissue yumor

Question 14

what are Teratomas

Answer 14

These are tumours derived from germ cells and can contain tissue derive from all three for 3 germ cell layers.
They may contain mature and / or immature tissue and even cancers.

Question 15

what are the 3 germ layers

Answer 15

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

Question 16

exception to to the suffix “oma”

Answer 16

Malignant) Lymphoma
(Malignant) Melanoma
Hepatoma (better called liver cell cancer)
Teratoma (not all, see above()

Question 17

What are the differences between benign and malignant tumours?

Answer 17

Invasion
Metastasis
Differentiation
Growth pattern

Question 18

Define invasion

Answer 18

This means direct extension into the adjacent connective tissue and /or other structures e.g. blood vessels. This is what distinguishes dysplasia/carcinoma in situ from cancer.

Question 19

what is dysplasia

Answer 19

show genetic and cytological features of cancer 
changes in DNA 
abnormal nuclear : cytoplasmic 
increase mitosis 
but don't invade

Question 20

what is carcinoma in situ

Answer 20

most severe form of dysplasia

not invading

Question 21

Metastasis

Answer 21

This means spread via blood vessels etc (see below) to other parts of the body.
NB: All malignant tumours have the capacity to metastasise although they may be diagnosed before they have done so

Question 22

diffrentiation

Answer 22

This means how much do the cells of the tumour resemble the cells of the tissue it is derived from.

Question 23

features of tumor cells

Answer 23

Tumour cells tend to have larger nuclei (and hence a higher nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio) and more mitoses than the normal tissue they are derived from.
They may have abnormal mitoses (e.g. tripolar) and marked nuclear pleomorphism (variability in nuclear size and shape).

Question 24

growth pattern

Answer 24

This means how much does the architecture of the tumour resembles the architecture of the tissue it is derived from.
Tumours have less well defined architecture than the tissue they are derived from.

the more it looks normal the better it is

Question 25

what are the 4 methods of tumour/neoplasms spreading

Answer 25

``` Direct extension. Haematogenous. Lymphatic Transcoelomic Perineural (doctors can also spread the cancer by dropping bits of cancer during surgery whilst removing the cancer) ```

Question 26

Direct extension.

Answer 26

This is associated with a stromal response to the tumour.

Question 27

what do the response consist of

Answer 27

This includes fibroblastic proliferation (“ a desmoplastic response”), vascular proliferation (angiogenesis) and an immune response.

Question 28

what is the method of Haematogenous | and why the blood vessel

Answer 28

This is via blood vessels. | The blood vessels usually invaded are the venules and capillaries because they have thinner walls.

Question 29

where to most sacromas metastasise first

Answer 29

via blood vessel

Question 30

Lymphatic

Answer 30

This is via lymphatics to lymph nodes and beyond.

Question 31

what is the pattern dictated by

Answer 31

The pattern of spread is dictated by the normal lymphatic drainage of the organ in question.

Question 32

where to most epithelial cells metastasise first

Answer 32

via the lymphatics.

Question 33

Transcoelomic

Answer 33

This is via seeding of body cavities.

Question 34

most common areas of the cavities

Answer 34

he pleural cavities (for intrathoracic cancers) and the peritoneal cavities (for intra-abdominal cancers)

Question 35

why does the tumour spread easily once. it reaches the peritoneal cavity

Answer 35

low resistance area moist constantly moving

Question 36

Perineural

Answer 36

This is via nerves.

Question 37

what are the 3 ways to assess tumour spread

Answer 37

1. Clinically 2. Radiologically 3. Pathologically patholy is the definitve way of staging cancers, how they spread

Question 38

how to describe tumour spread

Answer 38

TNM system

Question 39

what is it

Answer 39

``` T = Tumour: the tumour size or extent of local invasion N = Nodes: number of lymph nodes involved M = Metastases: presence of distant metastases  ```

Question 40

what is grade

Answer 40

how differentiated is the tumour | worst the grade worst the prognosis

Question 41

what is stage

Answer 41

how far as the tumour spread | worse the stage worst the prognosis

Question 42

what is the most important

Answer 42

stage