Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Extra > immuno and infection > Flashcards

immuno and infection Flashcards

(52 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

4 pathogen niches during infection

A

Extracellular
Intracellular vacuolar (can be spaces like lysosome or ER, stay within a compartment)
Surface adherent
Intracellular cytosolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does an immune response to infection start?

A 
Tissue damage (e.g. injury)
 Molecular detection of microbes – wrong thing in the wrong place at the wrong time!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what happens after detection

A

Inter-cellular communication (e.g. interleukins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what happens after communication

A

Priming the adaptive immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does an immune response to infection end?

4

A

Clearing infection
Stopping inflammatory cytokine production
Repairing tissue damage
Remembering the infection – immune memory!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is Innate immunity

A

Fast acting, first line of defence, germline encoded receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is Adaptive immunity

A

Slower but long-lasting, variable receptors that mature over time (DNA recombination)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

components of innate immunity

A

Physical barriers:
Skin, mucous, epithelial cells

Humoral:
Complement, Lectins (collectins, ficolins), Pentraxins, Antimicrobial peptides

Cellular:
Neutrophils, Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Natural Killer (NK)-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

components of adaptive immunity

A

Humoral:
Antibodies (immunoglobulins of various types)
Complement

Cellular:
Cytotoxic T-cells, T helper cells, T regulatory cells, B lymphocytes & Plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in vs ac in specificty

A

in- broad e.g. structures that are shared by classes
only recognise about 1000 molecular patters

ac- more specific and only specific, antigens
recognise 10^7 antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

receptors in in vs ad

A

in- encoded in germline

ad- encoded by genes produced by somatic recombination of gene segments, greater diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

types of receptors- in vs ad

A

in- less than 100
ad- 2 imunnoglobins and tcr
but million if variations of each

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

clone able - in vs ad

A

in- no

ad- can clone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

discrimination between self and non self

A

in- yes healthy host cells non recognised
ad- yes based on elimination of self reactive lymphocytes
but can be impaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

differences between both immune systems

A 
Timing of the response
Cell types 
Receptors & ligands
Cytokines & chemokines
Molecular effector machineries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

sequence of molecular & cellular events

A 
Microbial molecules 
V
Detection/Ligands or activities  
V 
Naïve host-cells
V 
Gene-expression changes/encodes new protiens
V 
Signal transduction (send signal to neignbouring cells to become activated

antimicrobial molecules to fight infection

signals that act autocrine to specilise and activate host to become better)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

First responders to injury

A

Neutrophils are the first to respond (short-lived, ~6 h), followed by macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

function of nutrophil

A

nuetrophil control infection and limit/repair tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Uncontrolled activities of phagocytes is not good

why

A

Granulomas
Excessive inflammation & inappropriate adaptive immunity
Tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Immune response to bacteria that is live

A

nflammatory cytokines
Antimicrobial genes
Metabolic genes
Immunomodulatory genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what to molecules that are released by live bacteria (which IL)

22
Q

Immune response to bacteria that is dead

Study These Flashcards
A

Resolution of inflammation

23
Q

what is unique to fungi

24
Q

recognised by what

25
signialling by what
SRC tyrosine kinase
26
causes what
Proinflammatory cytokines Antimicrobial genes Metabolic genes Immunomodulatory genes
27
how are viruses recognised
by rna or dna viral genetic information
28
what is relased
Interferon production Proinflammatory cytokines Antiviral genes Immunomodulatory genes
29
what happens when macrophages they are activated
expression of new genes | Induced by microbes & cytokines
30
what di activated macrophages display
``` Phagocytosis & Migration Cytokine/chemokine production Expression of cell surface molecules Antimicrobial activity Antigen presentation & T cell activation ```
31
how do macrophages and lympocytes communicate
macrophage can produce cytokine that cause t cells ti produce other cytokine helping macrophages to deal pathogens better
32
when are interferons produced
Detection of viruses or Gram-negative bacteria
33
what do interferons do
Interferons promote antiviral defence | Interferons are special cytokines
34
every type of cell csn produce which tupe of cytokines
interferon 1
35
Immunomodulatory roles | of interferons
Enhanced T-cell responses Anti-inflammatory actions Tissue repair
36
Virus-infected cells are killed by the actions of
cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or Natural Killer (NK) cells
37
do CTLs and NK cells directly kill infected cells (contact-dependent)
yes
38
what about intracellular
Host cells infected with intracellular bacterial pathogens also undergo forms of cell death (contact-independent)
39
name 2 antimicrobial enzymes
phagocyte oxidase | iNOS
40
what does phagoyte oxidase produce
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
41
iNOC
nitric oxide
42
what do both do
kill microbes
43
when are the genes expressed
when they are activated not naive
44
Type I & III interferons promote
antiviral responses Inhibitors of virus entry & exit Inhibitors of viral uncoating and replication Inhibitors of protein translation
45
Type II interferon promotes
antibacterial immunity
46
t cell activataion
Activated macrophages and DCs present antigens in combination with MHC-I or MHC-II to T cells Cytokines produced by antigen-presenting cells produce a suitable milieu for T-cell activation E.g. IL-12 promotes T-cell replication T cells provide cytokines that activate phagocytes E.g. IFNγ upregulates MHC-II expression for antigen presentation Responses are specific to general class of pathogens
47
what are t helper cells
T cells help B cell produce antibodies
48
when are th1 normoally seen
intracellular bacterial infections
49
Broad classification of T cell functions
Phagocyte activation Enhanced killing of pathogens Inflammation Direct killing of infected cells Removal of replicative niches B cell activation Antibody production & affinity maturation Innate lymphoid cells/γδ T cells A type of early responders (MHC independent actions)
50
how long does teh innate immunity stay for
12 hours
51
how long does the adaptive immunity take place for
from 12 hours plus
52
why does teh immune rsponse get wekaer as you get older
as thymic output decrase se | and t cells are made from the thymus

Extra (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions