Canine/Feline Protozoa Flashcards by Ashley Appleton

Giardia intestinalis-Hosts

Dogs, cats, humans
Different "assemblages" which  vary in infectivity for animals
Assemblage C/D: dogs
Assemblage F: cat
Assemblage A or B: human, dog, cat

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Giardia intestinalis-Identification

Trophozoites: 21um long, teardrop, 2 nuclei, 8 flagella
Cysts: 12um long, ovoid, 4 nuclei

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Giardia intestinalis-Life Cycle

Trophozoites adhere to microvilli of epithelial cells of SI→multiply by binary fission or budding→ trophozoite encyst→cysts pass in feces and are the infective form
Cysts may survive 2-4wks
PPP = 1-2wks

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Giardia intestinalis-Site of Infection

Small intestine

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Giardia intestinalis-Pathogenesis and Lesions

Attach to microvilli of proximal small bowl to feed, occasionally cause duodenal ulcerations, malabsorption common

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Giardia intestinalis-Clinical Signs

Often asymptomatic

Acute or chronic diarrhea

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Giardia intestinalis-Diagnosis

Zinc sulfate to find cysts in feces, trophozoites in fresh diarrhea, double centrifugation, ELISA and IFA assays for antigens

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Giardia intestinalis-Treatment and Identification

No treatments approved in USA for dogs/cats, prevention with sanitation and disinfection, filters with 10um aperture prevent transmission

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Trypanosoma cruzi-Common Name

Chagas’ disease

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Trypanosoma cruzi-Hosts

Dogs, cats, humans

300,000 infected, 300 prenatal infections/yr in USA

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Trypanosoma cruzi-Identification

Trypomastigote: elongated, spindle/leaf shaped, 20um long with nucleus near middle, single flagellum

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Trypanosoma cruzi-Life Cycle

Infected reduviid bug takes blood meal and releases trypomastigotes in its feces near site of bite wound→ trypomastigote enters host through wound→ invades cells and differentiates into amastigotes→ multiply by binary fission→devel. into trypomastigotes and released into bloodstream (cannot replicate)→ reduviid bug takes blood meal ingesting trypomastigotes→ transform into epimastigotes in midgut→ multiply and differentiate into trypomastigotes

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Trypanosoma cruzi-Site of Infection

Cardiac and smooth muscle

Blood

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Trypanosoma cruzi-Pathogenesis and Lesions

Amastigotes cause pathology of cardiac muscle
Chagas’ disease in humans and dogs
Puppies and kittens most susceptible

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Trypanosoma cruzi-Clinical Signs

Acute and chronic cardiac disease

Pale mucous membrane, lethargy, ascites, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, tachyarrhymia, lymphadenopathy

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Trypanosoma cruzi-Diagnosis

Trypomastigote in blood smear

Xenodiagnosis or serological tests

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Trypanosoma cruzi-Treatment and Prevention

None

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Cystoisopora (Isopora) canis-Common Name

Coccidia

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Cystoisopora (Isopora) canis-Hosts

FH: dogs
PH: rodents
Cats have their own species, Cystoisospora felis/rivolta

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Cystoisopora (Isospora) canis-Identification

Largest species, 50 um
Sporolated oocysts are spherical, 2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites, oval
Unsporolated oocysts are a single cell

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Cystoisopora (Isospora) canis-Life Cycle

Sporulated oocysts are infective form

Sporulation, infection and schizogony (or merogony), and gemetogony and oocyst formation

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Cystoisopora (Isospora) canis-Site of Infection

Small Intestine

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Cystoisopora (Isospora) canis-Pathogenesis and Lesions

Small intestinal cells are destroyed leading to enteritis

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Cystoisopora (Isospora) canis-Clinical Signs

Typically asymptomatic

Diarrhea may be severe, watery, profuse and bloody (young most susceptible)

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Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis-Diagnosis

Fecal flotation | oocyst smaller than ascarid eggs (80-100um) and larger than Sarcocystis (18um)

Cystoisospora (Isospora) canis-Treatment and Prevention

Management is critical Overcrowding and poor sanitation leads to heavy contaminated environ with oocysts Antiprotozoal

Toxoplasma gondii-Hosts

Cats | *Zoonosis

Toxoplasma gondii-Identification

Oocysts small, 12um sporulated oocysts have 2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites

Toxoplasma gondii-Life Cycle

``` Unsporulated oocysts shed in feces→sporulate in environ.→IH ingests sporulated oocyst→tachyzoites in muscle and neural tissues→ bradyzoites→cat ingests infected IH Or by direct transmission of oocysts HUMAN INFECTION -Foodborne -Animal to human -Mother to child ```

Toxoplasma gondii-Site of Infection

Intestinal and extraintestinal tissues (muscle, liver, lung, brain etc.)

Toxoplasma gondii-Pathogenesis and Lesions/Clinical Signs

Typically asymptomatic. Depends on the organs involved and extent of cells infected Acute toxoplasmosis Severe signs seen in cats with FIV. Pneumonia

Toxoplasma gondii-Diagnosis

Oocysts in fecal exam | Serological tests, modified direct agglutination test, ELISA and IFA tests

Toxoplasma gondii-Treatment and Prevention

Avoid contact with feces and eating uncooked meat Pregnant woman should be especially careful. Nonsulfonamides and sulfonamides

Sarcocystis spp.-Hosts

FH: dogs, cats, humans IH: cattle, herbivores, omnivores and birds *Zoonosis

Sarcocystis spp.-Identification

Sporulated oocysts with 2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites, 18um

Sarcocystis spp.-Life Cycle

Gametogony in FH and schizogony and sarcoocyst formation in the IH Infection caused by ingestion of mature sarcocysts with bradyzoites in muscles of IH

Sarcocystis spp.-Site of Infection

Muscles of IH | Sporocysts in GI tract of FH

Sarcocystis spp.-Pathogenesis and Lesions/Clinical Signs

No illness in FH. Schizogony in endothelium of herbivore may result in fatal illness. Can cause abortion

Sarcocystis spp.-Diagnosis

Sporocysts in FH | Bradyzoites in muscle tissue of IH

Sarcocystis spp.-Treatment and Prevention

Avoid raw meat and prevent fecal contamination

Hepatozoon spp.-Hosts

Dogs

Hepatozoon spp.-Identification

Gamonts in blood cells of peripheral blood

Hepatozoon spp.-Life Cycle

Dogs become infected by ingesting infected tick

Hepatozoon spp.-Site of Infection

Schizonts in various tissues | Gamonts in white blood cells

Hepatozoon spp.-Pathogenesis and Lesions/Clinical Signs

H. canis-subclinical infection | H. americanum-severe disease, neutrophilic leukocytosis, joint pain, myositis

Hepatozoon spp.-Diagnosis

Gamonts in peripheral blood | Muscle tissue biopsy or necropsy

Hepatozoon spp.-Treatment and Prevention

No satisfactory treatment | Tick control

Babesia spp.-Condition

Canine babesiosis, canine piroplasmosis

Babesia spp.-Hosts

Dogs | Occasionally humans

Babesia spp.-Identification

Trophozoites in RBCs, round, ovoid, elongate, amoeboid, pyriform, club-shaped

Babesia spp.-LIfe Cycle

Infected by inoculation by a tick

Babesia spp.-Site of Infection

Erythrocytes

Babesia spp.-Pathogenesis and Lesions/Clinical Signs

Erythrocyte destruction leads to depression, anorexia, anemia and splenomegaly

Babesia spp.-Diagnosis

Trophozoites in peripheral blood smear using Giemsa stain | Serology, PCR

Babesia spp.-Treatment and Prevention

Antiprotozoal but not approved in USA | Tick control

Theileria (Cytauxzoon) spp.-Hosts

Cats

Theileria (Cytauxzoon) spp.-Identification

Merozoites 1-2um in RBCs

Theileria (Cytauxzoon) spp.-Life Cycle

Transmitted by A. americanum tick

Theileria (Cytauxzoon) spp.-Site of Infection

Blood

Theileria (Cytauxzoon) spp.-Pathogenesis and Lesions

Rapid and fatal disease, die within 9-15 days after infection, Developing schizonts cause enlargement of infected cells. Occlusion of blood vessels to heart, liver and lungs

Theileria (Cytauxzoon) spp.-Clinical Signs

Pyrexia, anemia, icterus, dehydration, death

Theileria (Cytauxzoon) spp.-Diagnosis

Wright's or Giemsa stained blood smears reveal merozoites, PCR

Theileria (Cytauxzoon) spp.-Treatment and Prevention

No satisfactory treatment | Tick control

Canine/Feline Protozoa Flashcards

(63 cards)