Carbohydrates

Question 1

carbohydrates stored as ……….. in human

Answer 1

glycogen

Question 2

monosaccharide’s

Answer 2

glucose galactose fructose

Question 3

disaccharides

Answer 3

monomers linked with glycosidic bonds

hydroxyl + carbon group

Question 4

important disaccharides

Answer 4

maltose
lactose
sucrose

Question 5

Maltose is a breakdown product of

Answer 5

starch

Question 6

maltose can be ………. (so is a reducing sugar)

Answer 6

oxidised

Question 7

Lactose is formed from a glycosidic bond between

reducing sugar

Answer 7

galactose and glucose

Question 8

Sucrose is NOT a

Answer 8

reducing sugar

Question 9

two types of glucose polymer in starch

Answer 9

amylose

amylopectin

Question 10

Starch has lots of ………….. and very few ………….

Answer 10

non-reducing ends

reducing ends

Question 11

90% of glycogen is kept in the

Answer 11

liver and skeletal muscle

Question 12

Glycoproteins

Answer 12

proteins that have carbohydrates covalently attaches

Question 13

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)

Answer 13

polymers made from repeated units of hexuronic acid and an amino sigar

Question 14

Proteoglycan

Answer 14

made from GAGs covalently attaching to proteins

Question 15

Mucopolysaccharidoses

Answer 15

disorders caused by the absence or malfunction of enzymes that are required to breakdown GAGs

Question 16

Mucopolysaccharidoses example

Answer 16

hurler syndrome

Question 17

Glucose is absorbed through an

Answer 17

ATP powered process

Question 18

ATP driven Na+ pump maintain a low cellular Na+

Answer 18

so glucose can be continually moved in to the epithelial cells

Question 19

cellulose and hemicellulose cannot be

Answer 19

digested by the gut

Question 20

lack of oligosaccharides leads to

Answer 20

poor health

Question 21

Most common disaccharide deficiency

Answer 21

lactose intolerance

Question 22

Glucose diffuses through the intestinal epithelium into the

Answer 22

portal blood and on to the liver

Question 23

Glucose is immediately phosphorylated into

Answer 23

glucose 6 phosphate by the hepatocytes

Question 24

Synthesis of glycogen

glycogenin begins the process by covalently binding glucose from

Answer 24

UDP-glucose

forms 8 glucose residues

Question 25

Synthesis of glycogen glycogen synthase takes over to...

Answer 25

extend the glucose chains

Question 26

Synthesis of glycogen the chains formed by glycogen synthase are broken by...

Answer 26

glycogen-branching enzymes then reattached by alpha 1 to 6 bonds to give BRANCH POINTS

Question 27

von gierke's disease

Answer 27

liver glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency high liver glycogen low blood glucose high blood lacatate

Question 28

McArdle's disease

Answer 28

skeletal muscle phosphorylase deficiency high MUSCLE glycogen

Question 29

Glycolysis

Answer 29

saves some potential energy from glucose/glucose-6-phosphate by forming ATP through substrate level phosphorylation

Question 30

Glycolysis gives a net gain of ....ATP (and NADH) per glucose molecule

Answer 30

2

Question 31

only G3p can participate in glycolysis so....

Answer 31

the other 3 C sugar produced must convert into G3P so theres 2 G3Ps per glucose molecules

Question 32

Glycolysis first step

Answer 32

glucose to G6P

Question 33

glycolysis G6P -->

Answer 33

F6P

Question 34

Glycolysis F6P -->

Answer 34

F 1,6 p bisp

Question 35

F16 bisp then gets cleaved to give

Answer 35

splitting of glycolysis 2 different 3C triose sugars

Question 36

after 2 G3P's are formed...

Answer 36

oxidation of G3P to 1,3 bisPG

Question 37

1,2 bis pG to

Answer 37

ADP 2 ATP are produced

Question 38

3-PG to

Answer 38

2 - PG

Question 39

2 PG to

Answer 39

PEP

Question 40

PEP to

Answer 40

ADP 2 ATPs produced final step that produces pyruvate

Question 41

No NAD+ mean no

Answer 41

glycolysis

Question 42

What happens to pyruvate? can turn into......

Answer 42

ethanol lactate co2

Question 43

pyruvate goes to lactate in cells lacking

Answer 43

oxygen via fermentation

Question 44

Cori Cycle

Answer 44

ATP is make via substrate level phosphorylation - producing lactate

Question 45

in the cori cycle - lactate is converted to glucose in the liver by...

Answer 45

gluconeogenesis

Question 46

bypass reactions

Answer 46

4 reactions that sidestep the 3 irreversible reactions of glycolysis

Question 47

..... and ......... can enter glycolysis at various points

Answer 47

fructose and galactose

Question 48

pentose pathway produces

Answer 48

NADPH for all organisms

Question 49

pentose pathway has 2 phases

Answer 49

irreversible oxidative part reversible, non-oxidative part

Question 50

NAD+ is used in

Answer 50

metabolism of dietary sugars in the redox reactions of glycolysis

Question 51

NADP+ is used in

Answer 51

anabolism to convert simple precursors into FAs

Question 52

alcohol inhibits

Answer 52

gluconeogenesis

Question 53

black water fever

Answer 53

G6P dehydrogenase deficiency

Question 54

TCA cycle occurs in the

Answer 54

mitochondrial matrix

Question 55

TCA cycle removes e-'s and passes them on to form

Answer 55

NADH and FADH2

Question 56

TCA pyruvate from glycolysis and FAs are oxidised to

Answer 56

acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix via the help of pyruvate dehydrogenase