Life at the Cellular level

Question 1

Prokaryote characteristics

Answer 1

lack nuclear membrane

no mitochondria

no membrane bound structures

Question 2

Eukaryote characteristics

Answer 2

human cells

multi cellular animals and plants

nucleus with membrane

membrane bound structures

Question 3

Multuipotent

Answer 3

cells that can differentiate into many cell types

Question 4

pluripotent

Answer 4

all cell types of the body

Question 5

types of tissues

Answer 5

epithelial
connective
nervous
muscular

Question 6

Adherens junctions

Answer 6

link actin filaments

Question 7

Desmosomes

Answer 7

link keratin filaments

Question 8

ER and Golgi apparatus

Answer 8

membrane bound

rough ER has ribosomes attached to it

they coordinate protein modifications and transport

smooth ER is used mainly to breakdown compounds

Question 9

Lysosomes

Answer 9

used to separate enzymes from the rest of the cell

Question 10

99% of you are the elements…

Answer 10

H, O, N and C

Question 11

Functional groups define

Answer 11

biomolecular function

Question 12

Nucleic acids

Answer 12

polymers of nucleotide monomers

Question 13

Retrovir

Answer 13

A nucleotide analogue

analogue of THYMINE nucleotide found in DNA

Question 14

Polysaccharides

Answer 14

polymers of sugar monomers linked by GLYCOSIDIC BONDS

Question 15

d-Glucose is deemed a reducing sugar because

Answer 15

the linear form has an aldehyde group which can be oxidised

if it is oxidised then the other reactant would be reduced - so the glucose would be termed a ‘reducing sugar’

Question 16

entropy

Answer 16

gauge of randomness or chaos within a closed system

Question 17

enthalpy

Answer 17

heat released to surroundings

Question 18

A spontaneous process must decrease ……. and/or increase ……….

Answer 18

enthalpy (H)

entropy (S)

Question 19

delta G

Answer 19

change in gibbs free energy

Question 20

𐤃G =

Answer 20

𐤃H - T 𐤃S

Question 21

Spontaneous reactions only occur if 𐤃G is…

Answer 21

-ve

so if the reaction releases energy

Question 22

Normal biological processes require more order… so have …… 𐤃G

Answer 22

+ve

Question 23

Free energy flows between …….. and ………. processes allowing them to occur

Answer 23

catabolic and anabolic

Question 24

Enzymes function to…

Answer 24

selectively alter the rate of particular parts of metabolic pathways

Question 25

Glucose releases its potential energy by

Answer 25

heat

Question 26

ATP--> ADP releases...

Answer 26

Free energy which is harnessed to drive thermodynamically unfavourable reactions

Question 27

Anabolic reactions

Answer 27

thermodynamically unfavourable reactions proceed

Question 28

Catabolic

Answer 28

coupling allows for thermodynamically favourable reactions to proceed

Question 29

Glucose releases its potential energy when it is

Answer 29

degraded intermediate step produces PEP

Question 30

PEP

Answer 30

acts as an intermediate for a reaction that goes on to produce ATP during PEP to Pyruvate conversion

Question 31

𐤃G for PEP to Pyruvate

Answer 31

-31.4 kJ/mol

Question 32

H atoms are utilised as an

Answer 32

energy source eg - palmitate has loads of H atoms - so is rich in energy

Question 33

Hydrolysis (ATP --> ADP) will

Answer 33

decrease in free energy

Question 34

Condensation (ADP--> ATP)

Answer 34

requires free energy

Question 35

Water is polar/non-polar

Answer 35

POLAR

Question 36

O is more electronegative than H so it...

Answer 36

attracts the electrons of the covalent bonds towards it

Question 37

Polarity allows for

Answer 37

hydrogen bonding

Question 38

H bonds are the strongest when the 3 atoms involved lie

Answer 38

in a straight line

Question 39

Molecules that form hydrogen bonds are

Answer 39

water soluble eg sugars alcohols aldehydes ketones

Question 40

oxygen and carbon dioxide have no POLARITY which makes then poorly

Answer 40

water soluble

Question 41

Charged Molecules the water forms 'screens' around each ion - keeping the NaCl

Answer 41

in solution once dissolved

Question 42

Charged (polar) molecules are

Answer 42

hydrophilic

Question 43

Uncharged (non-polar) molecules are

Answer 43

hydrophobic

Question 44

Only the lipids at the .... force the ordering of water

Answer 44

edge of the cluster of lipids

Question 45

hydrophobic lipids are transported in the blood in a

Answer 45

chylomicron

Question 46

water has a neutral pH because what are equal?

Answer 46

H and OH

Question 47

Strong acids

Answer 47

dissociate fully

Question 48

weak acids only

Answer 48

partially dissociate

Question 49

acids are proton

Answer 49

donors

Question 50

bases are proton

Answer 50

acceptors

Question 51

a proton donor and a proton acceptor together make up a

Answer 51

conjugate acid-base pair

Question 52

The stronger the acid the greater its tendency to

Answer 52

lose a proton (and vice versa)

Question 53

The tendency for any acid to lose a proton and form its conjugate base is defined as the

Answer 53

equilibrium constant (Keq) or dissociation constant (Ka)

Question 54

Kw

Answer 54

ion production of water

Question 55

Henderson Hasselbalch equation

Answer 55

relates the acid dissociation equation to the buffering of a weak acid/conjugate base

Question 56

If blood did not have a biocarbonate buffer system - then pH would

Answer 56

fluctuate wildly as cellular products of acids would cause drops in blood pH

Question 57

normal blood pH is

Answer 57

7.4