Carbohydrates and Lipids

Question 1

Fatty Acids

Answer 1

End with a methyl group which is hydrophobic

Have a long hydrocarbon chain of CH (14 to 22 units long) bonded together

Another end with a carboxyl group which is hydrophilic

Question 2

Unsaturated Fatty Acids (Oils) Features

Answer 2

Have at least 1 double carbon bond

Liquid at room temperature

Have low melting point

Plant origin, lowers LDL level

Have kinks in chain

More flexible

Question 3

Steroids Structure

Answer 3

4 linked carbon rings

3 cyclohexane rings and 1 cyclopentane ring

17 carbon atoms in total

Question 4

Glycogen Function

Answer 4

Store energy in liver and muscle cells

Question 5

Functional Groups

Answer 5

Methyl

Amino

Hydroxyl

Carboxyl

Phosphate

Question 6

Types of Glycosidic Bonds

Answer 6

1 - 4 Linkage: Linear Chain
1 - 6 Linkage: Branch Chain

Question 7

Nucleic Acids Information

Answer 7

Monomer: Nucleotides

Elements: C, H, O, N, P

Bond Type: Phosphodiester

Question 8

Glycogen Structure (Polysaccharide)

Answer 8

A multi-branched polysaccharide that consists of many alpha glucose joined through a condensation reaction, linked by both 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bond

Highly branch which makes it compact and useful for energy storage

High amount of branches provides more free ends which allows glycogen to be broken down quickly for glucose in respiration

Question 9

How do Steroids Differ

Answer 9

The functional groups attached to the rings

Position of double carbon bond

Question 10

Disaccharides

Answer 10

Made of two monosaccharide units joined together through a condensation reaction by a glycosidic bond

Question 11

Kinks

Answer 11

Double bonds cause kinks which prevent tight packing, thus increases flexibility and lowers melting point

Question 12

Exceptions of Organic Compounds

Answer 12

Oxides: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Carbonates: Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

Cyanides: Sodium Cyanide (NaCN)

Carbides: Silicon Carbide (SiC)

Question 13

4 Classes of Lipids

Answer 13

Fats, Oils, Waxes and Steroids

FOWS

Question 14

What do Fatty Acids Differ In

Answer 14

Number of Carbon Atoms

Presence, number, and location of double carbon bonds

Question 15

Lipids Properties

Answer 15

Elements are C, H, O with more H than O and C

Lipids are not repeating units so no monomers

Hydrophobic with some being amphipathic

Can pass through phospholipid bilayer of plasma membrane through simple diffusion

Question 16

What do Glycogen and Starch Have in Common

Answer 16

Both storage polysaccharides made of alpha glucose unit joined by glycosidic bond through a condensation reaction

Insoluble

Unreactive and not used in reactions inside the cell

Question 17

Difference with Cis and Trans Isomers

Answer 17

Cis is healthy, natural, and found in nature
Trans is unhealthy, rare, and artificially made

The hydrogen atoms in Cis are on the same side of the double carbon bond
The hydrogen atoms in Trans are on opposite sides of the double carbon bond

In Cis, the double bond causes a kink in the fatty acid chain
In Trans, the double bond doesn’t cause a kink in the fatty acid chain

Cis has lower melting point
Trans has higher melting point`

Question 18

Starch Structure (Polysaccharides)

Answer 18

Consists of 2 types of molecules:

Amylose: Straight chain of alpha glucose units joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds that coil up to form a helix which makes it more compact so resists digestion

Amylopectin: Branched chain of alpha glucose joined 1-4 with some 1-6 glycosidic bonds. Branches result in many free end glucose molecules that can be easily hydrolyzed

Question 19

Proteins Information

Answer 19

Monomer: Amino Acids

Elements: C, H, O, N, S

Bond Type: Peptide

Question 20

Lipids Information

Answer 20

Monomer: N/A

Elements: C, H, O

Bond Type: Ester

Question 21

Polysaccharides

Answer 21

Made of long chains monosaccharide units joined together by condensation reaction by a glycosidic bond

Question 22

Starch Function

Answer 22

Stores energy in plants

Question 23

Disaccharide with Monosaccharide Units

Answer 23

Maltose = Glucose + Glucose

Lactose = Glucose + Galactose

Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose

Question 24

Steroids

Answer 24

Contain a fused ring structure synthesized from cholesterol, and are hydrophilic which allows them to pass through the phospholipid bilayer

Question 25

Cellulose

Answer 25

Straight parallel chains of beta glucose joined by a condensation reaction with 1-4 glycosidic bonds Each glucose molecule flips 180 degrees leading to glycosidic bonds alternating up and down Hydrogen bonds form between parallel chains which cause the formation of microfibrils which are very strong Microfibrils give cellulose fibres a very high tensile strength and allow a cell to withstand large pressures from osmosis The function of cellulose is to provide strength for cell walls in plant cells

Question 26

Monosaccharides

Answer 26

The simplest carbohydrate made up of 1 sugar unit 5 Carbons = Pentose (Ex: Ribose, Deoxyribose) 6 Carbons = Hexose (Ex: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose)

Question 27

Triglycerides Function

Answer 27

Energy Storage: Triglycerides are highly stable so energy is not lost over time, highly reduced so release twice as much energy, and insoluble in water so they remain localized Thermal insulation: Triglycerides are poor thermal conductors therefore trap heat and maintain internal body temperature, with the thicker the layer of adipose tissue the increased retention of heat which helps mammals who live in cold environments such as Gavia Artica and Pusa Hispida

Question 28

Properties of Monosaccharides

Answer 28

Chemical Stability: They have strong covalent bonds and therefore are very stable, with the presence of an -OH allowing for hydrogen bonding Solubility: They are soluble in water with each molecule having several -OH molecules that are used in hydrogen bonding Energy Source: They give out energy when oxidized through respiration, with one oxidation giving 36 ATP

Question 29

Carbohydrates Information

Answer 29

Monomer: Monosaccharides (includes disaccharides and polysaccharides) Elements: C, H, O Bond Type: Glycosidic

Question 30

Structure

Answer 30

Because they form enormous molecules, they usually don't dissolve in water which makes them suitable for storage and for forming strong structures for support such as cellulose

Question 31

Differences between Carbohydrates and Lipids (Glycogen and Triglycerides)

Answer 31

Carbs are stored in the liver as glycogen Lipids are stored in adipose tissue as fat Carbs are short term energy storage Lipids are long term energy storage Carbs contain less energy per gram than lipids Lipids contain more energy per gram than carbs Carbs release energy fast and easily digested Lipids release energy slow and less digested Carbs needs less oxygen to release energy Lipids needs more oxygen to release energy

Question 32

Triglycerides Structure

Answer 32

Made of a glycerol backbone attached to 3 fatty acids in a condensation reaction and joined together by ester bonds

Question 33

Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Answer 33

Organic: Compounds that are found in living organisms and contain carbon Inorganic: Compounds that don't contain carbon

Question 34

Examples of Steroids

Answer 34

Estrogen Testosterone Progesterone

Question 35

Saturated Fatty Acids (Fats) Features

Answer 35

Have single carbon bonds Solid at room temperature Have high melting point Animal origin, raises LDL level Straight chain Less flexible

Question 36

Chemical Properties of Carbon

Answer 36

Has 4 valence electrons Can form 4 covalent bonds Carbon to carbon bonds are extremely strong and stable Can form long, ringed, and branched chain of carbon Can form single, double, or triple bonds