Carbohydrates Biochemistry

Question 1

What are examples of GI conditions?

Answer 1

Ulcerative colitis
Diarrhoea 
Constipation 
Crohn's disease
Lactose intolerance

Question 2

What are common IBS symptoms?

Answer 2

Constipation
Diarrhoea
Looser or more frequent stool
Mixed bowel habits
Mucus in bowel movements
Feeling incomplete bowel movements

Question 3

What is a trigger?

Answer 3

Agents/episodes that initiate an episode of worsening disease

Question 4

What are examples of triggers?

Answer 4

Food, alcohol + stress

Question 5

Why are foods with high levels of sugar bad for people with IBS?

Answer 5

Ferment in lower GI tract

Question 6

What is FODMAP?

Answer 6

Fermentable
Oligosaccharide
Disaccharide
Monosaccharide
And
Polyols

Question 7

What may FODMAPs do?

Answer 7

Draw H2O into small intestine = diarrhoea
Mag go into large intestine undigested
Fermented by bacteria = gas
Compromise gut function

Question 8

Describe glucose

Answer 8

Monosaccharide
Animal + plant
Fundamental energy source
Poly-alcohol

Question 9

What are the two models of glucose?

Answer 9

Fischer - sticks

Haworth - hexagon

Question 10

WHY does the Fischer model contain more energy?

Answer 10

Carbonyl has more potential energy
Added to H2O = cyclise
= mutarotation

Question 11

What is glucose’s natural form?

Answer 11

Cyclic

Question 12

How do you convert from Fischer model to Haworth model?

Answer 12

LOOK IN FILE

Question 13

Why is cycle glucose’s natural form?

Answer 13

Makes it less reactive

= can be stored in leaf or animal cell

Question 14

Describe starch

Answer 14

Single strand with spiral conformation

Question 15

What is branched chain of starch?

Answer 15

Amylopectin

Question 16

What is the unbranched chain of starch?

Answer 16

Amylose

Question 17

Why can be starch used in surgery?

Answer 17

Broken down enzymes

Question 18

What is the source of cellulose?

Answer 18

Plant

Question 19

What is the source of amylose?

Answer 19

Plant

Question 20

What is the source of amylopectin?

Answer 20

Plant

Question 21

What is the source of glycogen?

Answer 21

Animal

Question 22

What is the subunit of cellulose?

Answer 22

Beta glucose

Question 23

What is the subunit of amylose?

Answer 23

Alpha glucose

Question 24

What is the subunit of amylopectin?

Answer 24

Alpha glucose

Question 25

What is the subunit of glycogen?

Answer 25

Alpha glucose

Question 26

What are the bonds in cellulose?

Answer 26

1-4

Question 27

What are the bonds in amylose?

Answer 27

1-4

Question 28

What are the bonds in amylopectin?

Answer 28

1-4 + 1-6

Question 29

What are the bonds in glycogen?

Answer 29

1-4 + 1-6

Question 30

Does cellulose have branches?

Answer 30

NO

Question 31

Does amylose have branches?

Answer 31

NO

Question 32

Does amylopectin have branches?

Answer 32

YES (per 20 subunits)

Question 33

Does glycogen have branches?

Answer 33

YES (per 10 subunits)

Question 34

Which sugars can ferment?

Answer 34

ONLY monosaccharides or disaccharides

Question 35

What does the fermentation of fructose produce?

Answer 35

Mannitol

Question 36

What are problems with mannitol?

Answer 36

High osmotic value = attract gastro fluids towards chemical structure = diarrhoea

Question 37

Why is mannitol injected into bloodstream?

Answer 37

Relieve pressure in brain Acts as osmotic agent = pulls fluids out of skull = reduces vol of blood

Question 38

What is mannitol?

Answer 38

Polyalcohol

Question 39

What does mannitol do?

Answer 39

Dissolves in H2O/bodily fluids = extract energy aq surroundings to assist in dissolution SEEN as temperature fall (endothermic dissolution)

Question 40

Why are Gentamicin + Digoxin highly soluble?

Answer 40

Have polyalcohol groupings or amines = form H bonds | More H bonds = increase drug solubility

Question 41

What is conjugation?

Answer 41

Excreted at liver

Question 42

What attaches to morphine to make it more H2O soluble in the liver?

Answer 42

UGT enzymes attach glucuronic acid to morphine molecule | Increases no. of OH groups = more H bonds