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Cardiovascular Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle fibres arranged in 4 chambers: 2 atria, 2 ventricles

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2
Q

What is the conduction system?

A

Specialised tissue to conduct nerve impulses through heart, SAN + AVN, Bundle of His, bundle branches + Purkinje fibres

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3
Q

What us the nerve supply?

A

Nerve branches from both sympathetic + parasympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

What does the nerve supply regulate?

A

HR + force of contraction

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5
Q

Is the myocardium of left ventricle thicker than the right?

A

YES

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6
Q

What does the right + left coronary arteries branch off from?

A

Aorta

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7
Q

Where does the cardiac veins deliver blood to?

A

Coronary sinus + back to right atrium

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8
Q

What causes coronary artery disease?

A

Coronary artery cannot deliver blood = plaque on arterial walls

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9
Q

What is myocardium infarction?

A

When blood supply to heart is completely blocked, muscle dies

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10
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Double-walled sac around heart

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11
Q

What is pericardium composed of?

A

Superficial fibrous pericardium
Deep two-layer serous pericardium
Parietal layer lines on internal surface
Visceral layer or epicardium line surface of heart

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12
Q

What is the pericardium separated by?

A

Fluid-filled pericardial cavity

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13
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A

Protects + anchors heart
Prevents overfilling of heart with blood
Allows heart to work relatively friction-free environment

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14
Q

What is the structure of veins + arteries?

A 
Tunica interna
Internal elastic lamina 
Tunica media 
External elastic lamina 
Tunica externa
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15
Q

What is the difference between veins and arteries?

A

Veins have valves and are wider

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16
Q

What is the structure of capillaries?

A

Endothelial cells

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17
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

Regulate blood supply

Generate blood pressure

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18
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

Ensure one-way flow

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19
Q

What are the 2 circuits?

A

Pulmonary

Systemic

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20
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

Blood to + from the lungs

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21
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

Blood to + from rest of body

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22
Q

What type of vessels are arteries?

A

Pressure vessels

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23
Q

What type of vessels are veins?

A

Capacitance vessels + can distend to match blood volume

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24
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

Electrical, pressure + vol changes that occur in functional heart between 2 heart beats

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25
What is the diastolic phase?
Phase of cycle when myocardium is relaxing
26
What is the systolic phase?
Phase of cycle where myocardium is contracting
27
What happens in the ventricular filling period? | 1
Ventricular diastole | Atrial systole
28
What happens in isovolumetric contraction period? | 2
Ventricular systole
29
What happens in ventricular ejection period? | 3
Ventricular systole
30
What happens in isovolumetric relaxation period? | 4
Ventricular diastole | Atrial diastole
31
Describe the cardiac cycle
Venous returns to RA Venous flow arrives in RV Venous blood is sent to lung via pulmonary artery After oxygenation in lung, the blood returns LA Blood arrives at LV Blood sent to arteries in tissues
32
Describe the flow of blood
RA --> Tricuspid valve --> RV --> Pulmonary semi-lunar valve --> Pulmonary trunk --> Pulmonary arteries --> Lungs --> Pulmonary veins --> LA --> Bicuspid valve --> LV --> Aortic semi-lunar valves --> Aorta --> Body tissue --> Superior + inferior vena cava --> RA
33
What are the phases of the cardiac cycle
Atrial diastole + systole Ventricular filling: mid to late diastole Ventricular systole Ventricular diastole
34
Describe what happens in atrial diastole + systole
Blood flows into + passively out of atria; AV valves open | Atrial systole pumps about 20% blood into ventricles
35
Describe what happens in ventricular filling: mid to late diastole
Heart blood pressure is low as blood enters atria + flows into ventricles 80% of blood enters ventricles passively; atrial systole occurs pumping other 20%
36
Describe what happens in ventricular systole
Atria relax; rising ventricular pressure closes AV valves Isovolumetric contraction phase Ventricles contract, no blood leaving Ventricular ejection phase opens semilunar valves
37
Describe what happens in ventricular diastole
Ventricles relax; blood backflow, closes semilunar valves | Blood once again flowing into relaxed atria + passively into ventricles
38
What sounds does the heart make?
"LUB" | "DUB"
39
Why does the heart make "LUB" sound?
Closure of AV valves (mitral + bicuspid) + tricuspid valves: mitral before tricuspid
40
What does the "LUB" sound correlate with?
Carotid pulse
41
Where is the "LUB" loudest?
Cardio apex
42
Why does the heart make "DUB" sound?
Closure of semilunar valves
43
Where is the "DUB" sound loudest?
Base of heart
44
What is pulse?
Surge of pressure in artery
45
What is the pulse of infants?
120 bmp or more
46
What is the pulse of young females?
72-80 bpm
47
What is the pulse of young males?
64-72 bpm
48
What happens to pulse when someone becomes elderly?
Gets higher again
49
What is tachycardia?
Resting HR in excess 100 bpm
50
What is tachycardia caused by?
Stress, anxiety, drugs, heart disease
51
What is bradycardia?
HR less than 60 bpm
52
What are premature atrial contractions?
Occasional shortened intervals between 1 contraction + next
53
What is cardiac output (CO)?
Amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute
54
What is the cardiac output equation?
CO = HR X SV
55
What is CO measured in?
ml/min
56
What is HR measured in?
bpm
57
What is stroke volume measured in?
ml/beat
58
What is cardiac reserve?
Difference between resting + max CO
59
What factors effect HR?
Autonomic innervation | Hormones
60
What factors effect SV?
End-diastolic vol | End-systolic vol
61
What is SV?
Vol of blood pumped by a ventricle per beat
62
How do you work out SV?
End-diastolic vol (EDV) - end-systolic vol (ESV)
63
What is EDV?
Amount of blood in a ventricle at end of diastole
64
What is ESV?
Amount of blood remaining in ventricle after contraction
65
What is the ejection factor?
% of EV pumped by ventricle
66
What factors effect EDV?
``` Venous return (VR) Filling time (FT) ```
67
What factors effect ESV?
Contractility of muscle cells | Afterload
68
What happens to EDV when you increase VR?
EDV increases
69
What happens to EDV when you increase FT?
EDV increases
70
What happens to ESV when you increase afterload?
ESV increases
71
What happens to ESV when you increase contractility of muscle cells?
ESV decreases
72
What is blood flow affected by?
Pressure + resistance
73
What is blood pressure?
The force exerted by blood against blood vessel walls
74
What detects blood pressure changes?
Baroreceptors
75
Where is blood pressure highest?
In largest arteries
76
When is blood pressure highest?
With ventricular systole
77
When is blood pressure lowest?
With ventricular diastole
78
What increases blood pressure?
``` Blood vol increases HR increases SV increases Blood viscosity increases Peripheral resistance increases ```
79
What happens when blood pressure gets too high?
``` Cardiac output increases Blood pressure increases Baroreceptors in aortic arch + carotid sinuses stimulated Sensory impulses to cardiac centre Parasympathetic impulses to heart SA node inhibited HR decreases Blood pressure returns to normal ```
80
What is preload?
Tension applied before muscle performs any work | EDV
81
What happens when you increase filling pressure?
Preload increases
82
What is afterload?
Load that preloaded muscle has to work against | Aortic pressure present at the instant that aortic valve open
83
What does it mean if there is a higher aortic diastolic pressure?
Greater work to pump blood into heart
84
What is preload + afterload estimated using?
Laplace's law
85
What is Laplace's law?
WWS = Pressure X radius / 2 (wall thickness)
86
What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?
Change of heart's force of contraction in response to change in venous return
87
Describe the Frank-Starling mechanism
Increased venous return increases ventricular filling (EDV) + preload
88
What does myocyte stretching cause?
Increase in force of generation
89
What does the Frank-Starling mechanism enable?
The heart to eject additional venous return, thereby increasing SV
90
What happens to CO if afterload increases?
CO decreases
91
What happens to CO if preload increases?
CO increases
92
What is systolic heart failure?
Less blood pumped out of ventricles | = weakened heart muscles can't squeeze as well
93
What is diastolic heart failure?
Less blood fills ventricles | = stiff heart muscle can't relax normally

Pharmacology (40 decks)

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