Respiratory System Flashcards by Holly Grey

What is respiration external?

Exchange of O2 + CO2 between an organism + external environment

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What is respiration internal?

Utilisation of O2 by cells in metabolism

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What is the pathway of breathing?

Nasal cavities –> pharynx –> trachea –> bronchi –> bronchioles –> alveoli –> O2 + CO2 exchange

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What is part of the upper respiratory tract?

Nasal + nose sinuses
Nasopharynx
Pharynx
Larynx

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What is part of the lower respiratory tract?

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Lungs

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What is the function of respiratory system?

Gaseous exchange
Olfaction 
Speech
Homeostasis
Protection

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Why olfaction?

Nerve endings in nasal cavity + transmitted to brain via 1st cranial nerve

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Why speech?

Vocal cords in larynx

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Why homeostasis?

Via O2 + CO2 exchange

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Why protection?

Via immune system + mucus production

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Describe structure of the nose

Lined with cilia

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What is the function of cilia in the nose?

Filter the air

Epithelial cells secrete mucus to trap dust + bacteria

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Describe structure of nasopharynx

Back = adenoids

Eustachian tubes

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What is function of adenoids in nasopharynx?

Made up of dense lymphoid tissue = fight infections

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What is the function of eustachian tubes in

nasopharynx?

Connect nasopharynx to ear = equalise pressure in ear

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What is the pharynx?

Muscular tube behind mouth, between nasopharynx + larynx

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What is the function of pharynx?

Air + food passage

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What are the tonsils made up of?

Dense lymphoid tissue

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What are the problem with tonsils?

During infection can cause air-flow resistance

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What is the larynx?

Short passage - connects pharynx to trachea

Walls contain vocal cords

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What is the opening from pharynx to larynx?

Glottis

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What happens to the glottis when swallowing?

Covered by epiglottis to prevent choking

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What is the trachea?

Tube from larynx to upper chest

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What is the structure of trachea?

20 “C” shaped rings of cartilage + smooth muscle

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What is the importance of mucus in the bronchi?

Trap solid particles + cilia move them outwards = expelled in coughing

What is the bronchi?

Trachea divides to form bronchi

What is the structure of bronchi?

Similar to trachea | Lined with cilia, which secrete mucus + saline

What does the cartilage rings allow in the trachea?

Expansion of oesophagus = bolus food swallowed

Describe saline secretion by airway epithelial cells

NKCC brings Cl- into epithelial cell from ECF Apical anion channels allow Cl- to enter lumen Na+ goes from ECF to lumen by paracellular, drawn by electrochemical gradient NaCl movement from ECF to lumen creates conc gradient = H2O flows into lumen

Describe the cause of cystic fibrosis

``` CFTR channel malfunction Reduction of saline layer production Cilia become trapped in mucus Bacteria colonise epithelium Recurrent chronic lung infections ```

What is the structure of the bronchioles?

Cartilage absent from terminal bronchioles = more smooth muscle

What are the bronchi + bronchioles innervated by?

Autonomic nervous system = contain muscarinic cholinergic + β2 adreno receptors

Why do they contain muscarinic cholinergic receptors?

Cause broncho-constriction

Why do they contain β2 adreno receptors?

Mediate broncho-dilation

Do the 1st 16 generations of bronchioles play a role in gas exchange?

What are the 1st 16 bronchioles knows as?

Conducting airways

Which bronchioles play a role in gas exchange?

Remaining 7 generations

What is the structure of alveoli?

Type I + II epithelium | Blood vessels

What does type I epithelium do in alveoli?

Primary site for gas exchange | Very thin to allow rapid diffusion

What does type II epithelium do in alveoli?

Synthesis chemical known as surfactant = reduce surface tension = reduce resistance in inhalation + exhalation

Why are blood vessels important in alveoli?

Rapid gas exchange | = close to alveolar air

What is the structure of 1 lung?

Bronchus with bronchioles + alveoli | Thin protective membrane over entire organ

Describe gas exchange

O2 enters blood at alveolar-capillary interface O2 transported in blood dissolved in plasma or bound to haemoglobin O2 diffuses into cells CO2 diffuses out of cells CO2 transported dissolved, bound to haemoglobin CO2 enters alveoli

How many O molecules can 1 haemoglobin bind?

When can haemoglobin bind O2?

When in Fe2+ (ferrous) state

Why is the blood red?

Interaction of Fe2+ with O2 = complex to have red colour when fully saturated with O2

What happens when there is a decreased P50 (increased affinity)?

- temp - pCO2 + pH

What happens when there is a increased P50 (decreased affinity)?

+ temp + pCO2 - pH

What effect does a drop in pO2 have on Hb saturation?

Minimal effect

What happens when a large amount of O2 is released from Hb?

Only small change in pO2, which facilitates release + diffusion of O2 into tissue

What is CO2 + pH effect have?

Enhance O2 uptake in lung + delivery to tissues

What is temperature effect have?

Increase during exercise, decrease in cold weather

What is 2,3 DPG effect?

Increase in hypoxia, decrease in stored blood samples

What is 2,3 DPG?

Di phospho glycerate | Bind to Hb = allosteric inhibitor

What is CO2 transport?

Dissolved CO2 from cellular respiration (7%) RBCs (23%) Plasma (70%)

What are the respiratory muscles?

Diaphragm External intercostal Internal intercostal Accessory muscles

What do the external intercostal muscles do?

Lift lungs upwards + outwards as contract

What do the internal intercostal muscles do?

Pull ribs down in opposition to external

Describe diaphragm

Diaphragm forms continuous sheet - separates thorax + abdomen

Describe diaphragm at rest

Dome like shape

Describe diaphragm contracting (inspiration)

Crown of diaphragm descends = increases vol of chest

Describe diaphragm relaxing (expiration)

Elastic recoils of chest wall = passive expiration

Describe what happens in exercise

Chest wall lifted upwards + outwards by external Diaphragm contracts more strongly = chest vol increased Internal contract = reduce chest vol = expiration

What happens in severe exercise?

Accessory muscles lift chest wall further

What is the tidal vol?

The vol of air moves during single inspiration or expiration

What is the inspiratory reserve vol?

Additional vol you inspire before tidal vol

What is the expiratory reserve vol?

Amount of air forcefully exhaled after end of normal expiration

What is the residual vol?

At end of max expiration, lungs still contain vol air that cannot be expelled

What is the vital capacity?

Sum of inspiration reserve vol, expiratory reserve vol + tidal vol

What is the total lung capacity?

Sum of vital capacity + residual vol

What is the functional residual capacity?

Sum of expiratory reserve vol + residual vol

What is the inspiratory capacity?

Sum of tidal vol + inspiratory reserve vol

Respiratory System Flashcards

(72 cards)