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Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the amin functions of the nervous system?

A

Control of body’s environment to maintain homeostasis
Regulation of spinal cord reflexes
Regulation of memory + learning
Voluntary control of movement

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2
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain + spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the job of CNS?

A

Integrative + control centre

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4
Q

What makes up PNS?

A

Cranial nerves + spinal nerves

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5
Q

What is the job of PNS?

A

Communication lines between CNS + rest of body

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6
Q

What makes up motor (efferent) division?

A

Motor nerve fibres

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7
Q

What is the job of motor (efferent) division?

A

Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles + glands)

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8
Q

What makes up somatic nervous system?

A

Somatic nerve (voluntary)

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9
Q

What is the job of somatic nervous system?

A

Conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

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10
Q

What makes up autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

Visceral motor (involuntary)

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11
Q

What is the job of autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

Conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles + glands

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12
Q

What makes up sensory (afferent) division?

A

Somatic + visceral sensory nerve fibres

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13
Q

What is the job of sensory (afferent) division?

A

Conduct impulses from receptors to CNS?

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14
Q

What are 2 division of ANS?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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15
Q

What does the sympathetic division do?

A

Mobilises body system during activity

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16
Q

What does parasympathetic division do?

A

Conserves energy

promotes “housekeeping” functions during rest

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17
Q

What is the sensory upstream path?

A

ANS
Sensory (afferent) division
PNS
CNS

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18
Q

What is the motor downstream path?

A 
CNS
PNS
Motor (efferent) division
Somatic + autonomic
Sympathetic + parasympathetic
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19
Q

What are the divisions of the motor?

A

Somatic + autonomic

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20
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Electrically excitable cell that receives, processes + transmits info through electrical + chemical signals

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21
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Bundle of fibres that conduct impulses between brain or spinal cord + other part of body. Nerves include fragments of neurons (axons) + non-neuronal cells (neuroglia)

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22
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Network of nerve cells + fibres which transmits nerve impulses between pores of body + coordinate them

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23
Q

What are the different types of neurons?

A

Soma
Dendrite
Axon

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24
Q

What is the soma?

A

Spherical portion of neuron, containing nucleus

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25
What is the dendrite?
Short branched extension of nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses + transmitted to cell body
26
What is the axon?
Long thread-like part of nerve cell, along which impulses are conducted from cell body to other cells
27
What is sensory (afferent)?
Input neurons
28
Where is sensory (afferent) located?
PNS
29
What is motor (efferent)?
Output neurons
30
What are inter neurons?
Relay neurons
31
What do inter neurons do?
Connect sensory + motor neurons to each other | Info processing + decision making
32
What are neurosecretory cells?
Secrete hormones
33
Where are neurosecretory cells located?
Hypothalamus, adrenal medulla + thyroid gland
34
What is a unipolar neuron?
Neurite extends from cell body | Sensory
35
What is a pseudounipolar neuron?
Dendrites + axons fused in single process
36
What is a bipolar neuron?
2 neurite extensions | Specialised sensory neuron for transmission of special senses
37
What is a multipolar neuron?
Possesses single axon + many dendrites
38
What is an anaxonic neuron?
Axon cannot be differentiated from dendrites
39
What is glia or neuroglia?
Non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis: form myelin + provide support & protection for neurons in CNS + PNS
40
What are the functions of glia cells?
To surround cells + hold them in place To supply nutrients + O2 to neurons To insulate one neuron from another To destroy pathogens + remove dead neurons
41
What is macroglia?
Generic term for cells in CNS + PNS
42
What is microglia?
Tissue-based macrophages
43
What are the macroglia in CNS?
Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Ependymocytes Radial glia
44
What are astrocytes?
Link neurons to their blood supply while forming blood-brain barrier, regulate external chemical environment of neurons by removing excess K+ + recycling neurotransmitters released during synaptic transmission
45
What are oligodendrocytes?
Coat axons with their cell membranes, forming myelin
46
What are ependymocytes?
Line spinal cord + ventricular system of brain, secrete cerebrospinal fluid, act as neural stem cells
47
What is radial glia?
Participate in neurogenesis, function as neuronal progenitors + as scaffold for neuron migration
48
What are the macroglia in PNS?
Schwann cells Satellite cells Enteric glial cells
49
What are schwann cells?
Coat axons with their cell membranes, forming myelin
50
What are satellite cells?
Regulate external chemical environment
51
What are enteric glial cells?
Regulate homeostasis in intrinsic ganglia of digestive system
52
What are different types of nerves?
Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Fascicle
53
What is epineurium?
Layer that externally covers each nerve by dense sheath if connective tissue
54
What is perineurium?
Layer that forms complete sleeve around bundle of axons. Extends into nerve + subdivides into several bundles
55
What is endoneurium?
Cover surrounding each fibre. Within endoneurium, individual nerve fibres surrounded by endoneurial fluid
56
What is fascicle?
Small bundle of axons, enclosed by perineurium. Refers to nerves in PNS
57
What is the enterneric nervous system (ENS)?
Regulate function of GI tract
58
Are the sympathetic + parasympathetic antagonistic?
YES
59
Does the sympathetic +/- HR?
+
60
Does the sympathetic dilate or constrict bronchi?
Dilate
61
Does the sympathetic contract or relax musculoskeletal?
Contract
62
Does the sympathetic dilate or constrict pupils?
Dilate
63
Does the sympathetic +/- urine?
-
64
Does the sympathetic +/- secretion & motility of stomach?
-
65
What is a reflex arc?
Neural pathway that goes through NS + continuous physiological reaction
66
What is an unconditional reflex?
Autonomic innate instinctive reaction to stimulus
67
What is a conditioned reflex?
Automatic response established by training to an ordinary neural stimulus
68
Describe reflex arc
``` Stimulus touched to skin Afferent neural Spinal cord (CNS) Efferent neural (motor) Muscle contracts ```
69
What is neuron doctrine?
Concept that NS consists of discrete individual cells
70
What is a synapse?
Structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal by means of neurotransmitters to another neuron or cell of different type
71
Describe synaptic transmission
Synthesis of neurotransmitter + formation of vesicles Transport of neurotransmitter down axon AP travels down axon AP = Ca2+ enter = release of neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter attach to receptor = excites or inhibits postsynaptic neuron Separation of neurotransmitter from receptor Reuptake of neurotransmitter to be recycled Vesicles without neurotransmitter transported back to cell body
72
What happens at excitatory synapse?
AP Glutamate eg. Na+ = depolarisation
73
What happens at inhibitory synapse?
AP GABA eg. Cl- = hyperpolarisation
74
What are the different types of synaptic summation?
EPSP-IPSP cancellation EPSP spatial summation EPSP temporal summation LEARN GRAPHS
75
What is the functional class of acetylcholine?
Excitatory
76
What is the functional class of GABA?
Inhibitory
77
What is the functional class of glutamate?
E
78
What is the functional class of glycine?
I
79
``` What is the functional class of catecholamines? eg. adrenaline + noradrenaline ```
E
80
What is the functional class of dopamine?
I/E
81
What is the functional class of histamine?
E
82
What is the functional class of serotonin?
I/E
83
What is the functional class of ATP?
E
84
What are the receptor subtypes for ATP?
P2X | P2Y
85
What are the receptor subtypes for serotonin?
5-HT1-7 receptors
86
What are the receptor subtypes for histamine?
H1-4 receptors
87
What are the receptor subtypes for dopamine?
D1-5 receptors
88
What are the receptor subtypes for catecholamines? | eg. adrenaline + noradrenaline
Alpha + beta receptors
89
What are the receptor subtypes for glycine?
GLR alpha 1-4 | GLR beta
90
What are the receptor subtypes for glutamate?
NMDA | AMDA
91
What are the receptor subtypes for GABA?
GABA A | GABA B
92
What are the receptor subtypes for acetylcholine?
Nicotinic | Muscarinic
93
What are the ion currents for acetylcholine?
Na+ & Ca2+
94
What are the ion currents for GABA?
Cl- & K+
95
What are the ion currents for glutamate?
Na+ & Ca2+
96
What are the ion currents for glycine?
Cl-
97
What are the ion currents for catecholamines? | eg. adrenaline + noradrenaline
Na+ & Ca2+
98
What are the ion currents for dopamine?
K+ - inhibit | Ca2+ - excite
99
What are the ion currents for histamine?
Na+ & Ca2+
100
What are the ion currents for serotonin?
Na+ & Ca2+
101
What are the ion currents for ATP?
Na+ & Ca2+
102
Describe process of neuromuscular junction
AP travels length of axon to motor terminal Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open = Ca2+ diffuse in = vesicles release acetylcholine by exocytosis Diffuses across synaptic cleft + binds to acetylcholine receptors, which contain ligand-gated cation channels Channels open Na+ enter muscle fibre + K+ exits muscle fibre = membrane potential becomes les negative Threshold reached = AP propagates along sarcolemma
103
When is neuromuscular junction stopped?
Acetylcholine removed
104
How is acetylcholine removed?
Diffuses away from synapse OR Broken down by acetylcholinesterase to acetic acid + choline
105
Where is acetic acid + choline transported?
Back to terminal for resynthesises of acetylcholine

Pharmacology (40 decks)

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