Carbohydrates: Sugars

Question 1

Glucose and Galactose

Answer 1

lactose

Question 2

Glucose and Fructose

Answer 2

sucrose

Question 3

Glucose and Glucose together (dehydration synthesis)

Answer 3

maltose

Question 4

The bond that joins the two monosaccharides is called:

Answer 4

Glycosidic Linkage

Question 5

Plants store energy in the polysaccharide called:

Answer 5

starch

Question 6

Carbohydrates basic information

Answer 6

• end in ‘ose’
• single unit=monosaccharides
• HC chain with OH
• always a CARBONYL

Question 7

Carbohydrate Carbonyl

Answer 7

ALDEHYDE=ALDOSE
KETONE=KETOSE

(polar but may not always dissolve in water too well)

1:2:1 ratio for C:H:O

Question 8

Functions for carbohydrates

Answer 8

• fuel for cell respiration (designed to work on glucose)
• energy storage
• structural components (ex. cellulose for cell wall in plants or chitin for fungi)
• cell surface markers

Question 9

What is glucose?

Answer 9

• Basic Monomer
• What ALL cells want for cell respiration
• hexose and aldose sugar
  aldose: sugar with ketose
  hexose: sugar with 6 carbons
• Most common monomer used to built most polymers (polysaccharides)

Question 10

Isomers in glucose

Answer 10

• molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures and arrangement
• position of OH and CO (glucose vs galactose)
• ALDOSE (glucose) VS KETOSE (fructose)
• All of them can be used in cell respiration but aren’t ideal- Glucose=fuel

Question 11

What do glucose and large monosaccharides form in watery solutions

Answer 11

dehydration synthesis: water molecules are removed as glycosidic bonds are formed between the individual sugar molecules.

Question 12

Alpha and Beta glucose

Answer 12

• OH groups point away/towards you
• differences appear when they’re connected in long chains

Question 13

Cellulose shows up as

Answer 13

individual strands, linear shape

Question 14

Disaccharides form via

Answer 14

via dehydration synthesis
- enzymes join 2 hydroxyl groups to produce water
- the oxygen bridge that is formed is called a GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE

Question 15

GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE

Answer 15

= SUCROSE

• ether linkage (glycosidic linkage) that forms an oxygen bridge and enzymes join two hydroxyls to form a water molecule

Question 16

How do you digest or break down the sugars

Answer 16

hydrolysis, having to take in water to digest carbohydrates

(this is why you feel the need to drink water after something sweet)

Question 17

How does Sucrose break down?

Answer 17

Disaccharide is broken down by sucrase enzyme into glucose and fructose

Question 18

How does Lactose break down?

Answer 18

Enzyme lactase breaks down into glucose and galactose so it can be absorbed in the bloodstream

Question 19

How does maltose break down?

Answer 19

Using enzyme Maltase, breaks down into two glucose units

Question 20

Polysaccharides: alpha glucose polymers

Answer 20

r- energy storage molecules (starch, glycogen)-branching mattes
- can be digested by animals

Question 21

Glycogen VS Starch

Answer 21

• glycogen is a fast release
• starch is a slow release
• your body uses glycogen when all the glucose from food is used up, and then it uses proteins and lipids

Question 22

Increased number of glycogen branches….increases

Answer 22

Functional S.A.

• allows for increase water solubility and several sites for glycogen to be broken down

Question 23

Polysaccharides: beta glucose polymers

Answer 23

• structural polymers (chitin, cellulose) many hydrogen bonds form between straight strands
• CAN’T be digested by animals
• herbivores use special bacteria in their elongated guts to digest cellulose (we can’t digest it, can’t break those hydrogen bonds)

Question 24

Where is the OH on Alpha vs Beta glucose

Answer 24

B-UP AND DOWN-A (ON CARBON 1)
B-UP: OH on top
DOWN-A: OH on bottom

• these differences appear when they’re connected in long chains

Question 25

When will alpha particles burn glycogen

Answer 25

16-20 hrs

Question 26

is fat polar or non polar

Answer 26

non polar molecule +carboxyl at the end= fatty acids - has C-H bonds

Question 27

Molecule X's bulk is non polar, with a small polar end

Answer 27

Non polar molecule

Question 28

LIPIDS

Answer 28

- C, H, and O - Oxygen poor, mostly C-C and C-H bonds (non polar) - LIPIDS DON'T FORM TRUE POLYMERS - Nonpolar/hydrophobic - USES: insulation, energy storage barriers, cushioning, cell membranes, and hormones

Question 29

Why don't lipids form true polymers?

Answer 29

lipids are not composed of repeating units of the same molecules or atoms like polymers are

Question 30

Increase number of mitochondria

Answer 30

Increase amount of brown fat, increase temperature (thus, warm blooded mammals explained)

Question 31

Why do babies have a lot of lipids

Answer 31

fragile and lose heat faster than adults, so they require more lipids

Question 32

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 32

(O2-SAT) - contain the max number of hydrogens - all C-C single bond - linear shape - most animal fats - solid and room temperature

Question 33

Why are saturated fatty acids bad for us

Answer 33

because they're linear they produce and form plaque easily, which can cause an increase of blood pressure, stroke, clog arteries, etc.

Question 34

FATS CONTAIN HIGHER LEVELS OF

Answer 34

ENERGY, INCREASED HYDROGEN AS WELL - difficult to acquire, and worth a lot of energy - which is why saturated fatty acids taste good but are bad for our health

Question 35

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Answer 35

- contain less than Max number of hydrogens - at least 1 c=c (double c bond); poly vs mono - bent or kinked devices (prevent packing) - most fish and plant oils - tend to be liquid at room temperature

Question 36

Poly unsaturated Vs Mono Unsat

Answer 36

Poly: more than 1 double carbon bond, healthier, provide less energy mono: 1 double carbon bond, unhealthy, kink or bend

Question 37

CIS VS TRANS

Answer 37

C: Hydrogens on the same side (act like unsaturated) T: Hydrogens on the opposite sides (act like saturated, same effects)

Question 38

What's worse for your health, cis or trans?

Answer 38

trans

Question 39

What's worse for your health, unsaturated, saturated, or trans?

Answer 39

trans is the worst saturated is the second worse (solid at room temp, clogs arteries) unsaturated is the best (liquid at room temp, doesn't clog arteries) clog arteries: fatty deposits in arteries

Question 40

Triglycerides

Answer 40

- typical form of lipid found - can be liquid (oil, unsaturated) or (wax, saturated) at room temp - formed from glycerol (3 carbons) and 3 Fatty Acids - May be identical fatty acids, or 3 different fatty aids - Fatty acids contain a -COOH at one end of a long hydrocarbon chain

Question 41

PHOSPHOLIPIDS:

Answer 41

polar and nonpolar - glycerol+ 2PO4+2 fatty acid= phospholipid - major component of cell membranes

Question 42

Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

Answer 42

- phosphate head (polar, hydrophilic) - hydrophobic tails (non polar, 2 fatty acids, hydrophobic)

Question 43

If phospholipids have a polar and non polar component, are they attracted to water?

Answer 43

Phospholipids are attracted to both/neither oil/water (depending on the end), acts like soap which is composed of lots of phospholipids

Question 44

Phospholipids self assemble into:

Answer 44

- micelle = bubbles - layers= cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)

Question 45

what kind of bond does a monounsaturated have

Answer 45

C=C

Question 46

STEROIDS

Answer 46

- made up of cholesterol: 4 fused C-RINGS - important component of cell membranes - vitamin D - Basis for many hormones; functional groups matter

Question 47

Irreversible change in proteins can't be avoided, how?

Answer 47

Via homeostasis... Ex. of this irreversible change..once you fry an egg you can't un-do it back to the eggs shell form

Question 48

Why do polysaccharide require little energy

Answer 48

being built with monosaccharides