Proteins and Amino Acid

Question 1

What level of protein structure is associated with the sequence of amino acids?

Answer 1

primary

Question 2

What are monomers

Answer 2

amino acids (there are 20 diff ones) that are the SAME 20 in all living things

(molecule that can be bonded to form a polymer), amino acids (monomer) can be bonded to form protein (polymer)

Question 3

What are amino acids made up of

Answer 3

75%= dry body mass

95%= muscle (and heart)

100%= of hormones, neurotransmitters, and neutropeptides

Question 4

Polymer: Polypeptide chain

Answer 4

• chain of amino acids (linear), they’ll interact in a polar and non polar fashion
• polypeptide chains will form shapes (3D structure/conformation=protein, important bc form follows function)

Question 5

Proteins interact in our body to do?

Answer 5

form hair, mucus, cartilage, enzymes, etc.

Question 6

Importance of variable group in an amino acid

Answer 6

• can put any of the 20 different amino acids there, made up of or less than
• gives the amino acids their characteristics
• overall polar molecule

Question 7

Same, molecule, different arrangement (left and right hand mirror images) is called a ?

Answer 7

an optical isomer

Question 8

are amino acids acidic or base?

Answer 8

both acidic or basic, R group will thus, determine the behaviour (depending on whether or not an acid/base is added as the R group)

Question 9

Same basic structure, different R groups

Answer 9

drive the shape of the molecule

Question 10

changes in protein structure causes

Answer 10

disease, syndrome, etc.

Question 11

small changes in proteins

Answer 11

= Changes in phenotype

Question 12

Amino Acids Overview…
How many are essential?
Types?
How they’re brought in?

Answer 12

8-10 are essential, our bodies can’t make them

(Phenylaline, valine, threonnie, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, and histidine, sometimes arginine)

• must be brought in via diets (incomplete/complete sources of proteins)

Question 13

what are most amino acids

Answer 13

most are precursors to neurotransmitters, or hold proteins together

(building block)

Question 14

what is a peptide

Answer 14

2+ amino acids joined by a peptide bond

Question 15

what is a peptide chain/bond

Answer 15

holds proteins together, like insulin

• have a linear structure: n and c terminus
• order and sequence determine structure

Question 16

what is the order of a peptide chain driven by?

Answer 16

genes

Question 17

what do amino acids drive

Answer 17

interactions between amino acids and r-groups

Question 18

protein structure

Answer 18

1) primary structure: sequence, order of amino acids

2) secondary structure: hydrogen bonds, a-helix, and b-pleated sheets

3) tertiary structure: disulphide bridges and polar vs non polar

4) quarternary structure
(different subunits or pieces) **NOT ALL PROTEINS GET HERE

Question 19

proteins will have

Answer 19

a hydrophobic core, this is why they want to be in the middle

Question 20

what will the order of amino acids influence?

Answer 20

the shape of the molecule, for example, the presence of cystine curls hair

Question 21

Protein Folding:

• electrostatics refers to

Answer 21

opposites attract, like charges repel

Question 22

cystine buddies form

Answer 22

dusulphide bridges

Question 23

how is the shape important

Answer 23

form follows function, determines how the protein behaves

Question 24

what happens to a protein if we add heat or acid

Answer 24

• changing the intermolecular attractions of R-group
• ## changing the 3D shape/structure of proteins
• called denaturation of proteins (disrupts hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulphide bridges: temp, pH, salinity)

For ex. can’t uncool an egg

Question 25

what is denaturation

Answer 25

the breaking of the any linkages, or bonds, (ex. hydrogen bonds)

Question 26

what are polypeptides polymers of

Answer 26

amino acids

Question 27

how are amino acids also joined

Answer 27

via a dehydration synthesis method of -COOH and -NH2 that forms water and results in a dipeptide

Question 28

all of the protein structure steps occur in which organelle?

Answer 28

rough e.r. because of the ribosomes, and chaperone proteins

the rough e.r. ensures the proteins get into the desired shape

Question 29

why do alpha helixes occur

Answer 29

hydrogen bonding