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SBI4UN > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

sensory neurons

A

used to detect any senses

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2
Q

motor neurons

A

CNS to muscles and glands, allows for Motor coordination and movement

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3
Q

the somatic nervous system is

A

controlled

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4
Q

the autonomic nervous system is

A

uncontrolled, involuntary
- Fight/Flight (sympathetic)
- Rest/Digest (parasympathetic)

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5
Q

reflexes

A
  • sensory neurons (BRING INFO IN), circuit (Simple neuron circuit), motor neurons (COORDINATE MOVEMENT), interneuron (BRIDGES SENSORY+MOTOR)
  • stimulus fires, where the sensory neurons sense and carry signals to the CNS and then passes to the motor neurons
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6
Q

is the brain required to regulate the control reflexes

A
  • brain isn’t required to control most reflexes
  • signals never go to the brain
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7
Q

spinal cord and reflexes connection

A
  • spinal cord controls reflexes
  • sensory neurons sends impulse to spinal cord
  • spinal cord directly impulse to motor neuron
  • doesn’t involve the brain
  • REFLEX ARCS DON’T INVOLVE SIGNALS TRAVELLING TO THE BRAIN
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8
Q

what are pumps used for

A

allowing ions to move down along their concentrations

K wants to flood out (3K+)
Na wants to flood in (2Na+)

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9
Q

What is Chlorine used for

A

neurotransmission,but don’t move around much

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10
Q

resting membrane potential

A

imbalance of ions across the cell membrane of neurons, MORE Na OUTSIDE THE CELL THAN K+ INSIDE THE CELLS
- the balance is maintained by Na/K pump

  • DIFF IN ELECTRICAL CHARGE BC OF THE ION CONCENTRATION
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11
Q

Graph for resting membrane potential terminology

A

1) Stimulus: Na+ leaks channels open, Na+ rushes IN to axon, number of interconnections and na+ depends on stimulus

2) threshold: if enough Na+ enters Na+ voltage gates open triggering an all or anything event, If not enough Na+ enters the membrane
- RESETS TO RP

(peak whether or not threshold is achieved)

3) Depolarization: voltage gated Na+ channels, open up via the positive feedback actions, Na+ rushes into axon along concentration gradient, membrane potential becomes positive

4) Hyperpolarization: K+ gates shut, na/k pumps kick in to RESET resting potential, 3 Na+ out 2K+ in
- axon enters a refractory period

5) Resting potential 2: K+ floods out of the axon along concentration gradient, loss of ve ions returns membrane potential back to being negative feedback loop
- eventually, Na/K concentration are flipped completely

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12
Q

how are voltage gated channels opened

A

by a difference in voltage

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13
Q

anaesthetics work by…(lidocaine for ex)

A

make the sodium gates open or prevent them from opening, essentially freezing the gates they can do this by depolarizing it and preventing voltage gates from opening

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14
Q

In response to a signal, the SOMA end of the axon….

A

becomes depolarized

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15
Q

actions potential: myelinated vs unmyelinated

A
  • myelin: insulates and speeds up reaction
  • unmyelinated neuron can lose some energy, takes more time (and especially If its long) signal can be lost
  • signal jumps between nodes of ranvier (faster)
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16
Q

graded/ungraded

A

graded- stimuli
ungraded-action potential

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17
Q

diff levels of reflexes

A
  • diff thresholds
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18
Q

Summation

A
  • many neurons are part of networks that excite and inhibit signals from being sent
  • EPSP: signals that are excitatory
  • IPSP: signals from neurons that are inhibitory
  • the balance of these determines the strength of the graded potential, and whether threshold is reached
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19
Q

not hitting thresholds means

A

not hitting threshold, no opening of voltage gated channels= no action potential opening
(creates graded potential)

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20
Q

part of the neuron, after the synapse

A

dendrite, changing membrane potential via graded potential: triggered by ntm binding

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21
Q

where does action potential occur

A

axon
-dendrites receive signal
- axon terminal transmits signal

  • signals that are being received come from another neuron
  • signals that are being transmitted are going to another dendrite
22
Q

action potential only occur

A
  • due to STIMULUS PHASE (Na entering axon)
  • EPSP: makes Na+ channels open to allow us to hit threshold
  • IPSP: prevent Na+ channels, preventing Na+ from entering so it isn’t meeting threshold
23
Q

k+ leaving means

A

resting potential decreases, by opening K channels

  • voltage channels are opened by voltage and (channels are diff than gates)
24
Q

graded potential occurs to

A

generate threshold

25
Q

diffusion allows ions to move

A
  • increased ions in synapse, increase the likelihood of molecules attaching to a receptor, and once it attaches the shape of the protein changes and it fully attaches where its shape and job changes
26
Q

electric potential

A

diff in charge

27
Q

movement of vesicles out of axon terminal

A

exocytosis, active transport

  • vesicles: contain NTM that’ll be released to synapse
28
Q

Post-synaptic

A

(Calcium is pre-synaptic and is a intracellular messenger-BINDS TO ACTIN AND MYOSIN TO make up exosksleton)
- EPSP and IPSP

29
Q

SUMMATION: the effects a ntm will have is determined by:

A
  • time: more time means more likely to bind
  • concentration
  • type
  • IPSP vs EPSP balance
  • neural pathway
30
Q

reputake:

A
  • ntm are being recycled by being brought back to the pre-synaptic cell
  • enzymes can also remove NTM from the cleft: acetylcholinesterase does this at neuro-muscular junctions
31
Q

degradation of ntm by enzyme

A
  • post-synaptic membrane would continue depolarizing
    1) ntm are synthesized and stored in vesicles
    2) action potential..
32
Q

paralysis

A
  • Na+ channels never close
  • no concentration gradient=no potential
  • won’t repolarize
  • permanent depolarization
    INFO ISN’T CONTINUOUSLY SENT
33
Q

efferent and afferent nerves

A
  • go opposite ways to the brain, EFFERENT AWAY, AFFERENT TOWARDS
  • neurones are organized into complicated web-like networks, many synapses go into neurons
  • NTM diffuse through cleft
34
Q

acetylcholine

A

muscle memory

35
Q

omega contoxins

A
  • blocks Ca+ channel related to pain sensitivity
  • NEED CA FOR PRESYNAPTIC CHANNELS, triggers ntm release
  • blocking Ca+ restricts the communication between neurons
  • Pain: PNS—SENSORY NS TO TAKE INFO IN, ensures electrical signal doesn’t get to the muscle
  • COVID BLOCKING SCENT
  • tissues of the olfactory nerves were infected: sensory info not brought into sensory nervous system
36
Q

the reward pathway of the brain

A
  • clusters of neurons: specific function
  • reward pathways job: to allow for the repetition of nice activities and have them easy to do to trigger the reward pathway
  • reward pathway: strengthens communication, makes memories based on rewarding activities, gathers information, etc.
  • brain chemicals are released
37
Q

why does the reward pathway details memory

A
  • increases the likelihood of the activity being done
  • associates action with reward than result, uncertainty reinforces reward circuit and overstimulation of reward circuit-craving
38
Q

order of which external/internal stimuli from sensory neruon goes in:

A

into the spinal cord
into the brain
send response via muscles

smell and sight–right into the brain

39
Q

white vs grey matter

A

white matter=axons
gray matter: unmyelinated, connections and associations

40
Q

brain stem

A
  • continuous with spinal cord, composed of hindbrind, and midbrain
  • medulla oblongata and pons: control heart rate, constriction of blood vessels, digestion, and respiration

-can shut off consciousness
braindead- little to no electrical activity in brain stem

41
Q

midbrain

A
  • connections between hind and forebrain, and visual and auditory reflexes, mammals use this for eye reflexes
42
Q

the reticular system

A
  • regulates sleep and arousal (awakening)
  • switches your brain in/out consciousness
43
Q

sleep and wakefulness produce patterns of electrical activity in the brain that can be recorded as an ECG

A

true: dreaming occurs during REM

44
Q

Cerebellum

A

]
- fine motor coordinations: body, posture, and balance
- the region of the brain controls fight or flight, controls muscles action, etc.

45
Q

forebrain

A

cerebrum: gray matter
diencephalon: relay center for homeostasis made up of hypothalamus+thalamus: switch centre for nerve messages and sensory information goes here first

46
Q

Limbic system

A
  • generation of emotions and emotional memories
  • thalamus and hypothalamus: bring info in
47
Q

hippocampus

A
  • consolidates learning by moving working memory to long term memory
48
Q

amygdala

A
  • survival type emotions
49
Q

cerebrum

A

interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning,

50
Q

an action potential is

A

a nerve impulse

51
Q

function of neuron parts

A
  • axon: conducts nerve impulses AWAY FROM NEURON to transmit info
  • dendrite: receive signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body
  • axon terminal: transmit signals to the next neuron/target cell by releasing ntm
  • myelin sheath: insulates and speeds up transmission
  • node of ranvier: rapid conduction of nerve impulses
  • Schwann cells: secrete myelin

DENDRITES RECEIVE SIGNALS, CELL BODY GETS THEM, ACTION POTENTIAL TRAVELS DOWN AXON REACHING THE AXON TERMINAL RELEASING NTM TO THE NEXT NEURON OR TARGET CELL

52
Q

saltatory conduction

A
  • action potential jumps between nodes

SBI4UN (28 decks)

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