Carbs Part 1 Flashcards by Kyra Catedral

Only______ are absorbed

Monosaccharides

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Luminal side

SGLT-1 (secondary active transport): for glucose and galactose

GLUT-5 (facilitated diffusion): for fructose

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Luminal side

for glucose and galactose

for fructose

SGLT-1 (secondary active transport)

GLUT-5 (facilitated diffusion)

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Basolateral side

GLUT-2 (facilitated diffusion): all types of monosaccharides

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Basolateral side

all types of monosaccharides

GLUT-2 (facilitated diffusion)

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PATHWAYS IN GLUCOSE METABOLISM

Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Glycogenesis
Lipogenesis
Lipolysis

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Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate, or lactate for production of energy.

Glycolysis

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Formation of Glu-6-phosphate from non-CHO source =Lactate, glycerol and aminoacid

Gluconeogenesis

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Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for energy

Glycogenolysis

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Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

Glycogenesis

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Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

Lipogenesis

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Decomposition of fats

Lipolysis

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Stages of catabolism

Stage 1
Breakdown of complex molecules to their component building blocks

Stage 2
Conversion of building blocks to acetyl-CoA (or other simple intermediates)

Stage 3
Metabolism of acetyl-CoA to CO2 and formation of ATP

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Glucose is supplied to the Extracellular from the liver

Brief fast

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Glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate sources

Fasting period longer than one day

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HORMONE REGULATION

Increases glucose

CATGGE

Glucagon
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Growth hormone
ACTH
Thyroxine

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HORMONE REGULATION

Decreases glucose

Insulin
Incretins

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HORMONE REGULATION

Increases or lowers the glucose

Somatostatin

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stimulated to release glucagon into the blood

Alpha cells of pancreas

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Liver breaks down glycogen and releases____ to the blood

glucose

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Stimulus:
rising_____ glucose level (e.g., after eating a carbohydrate-rich meal)

blood

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of pancreas stimulated to release insulin into the blood,

Beta-cells

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It Liver takes up____ and stores it as____

glucose

glycogen

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a- cell (___)

glucagon

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B-cell (____)

insulin

delta-pancreas (______)

somatostatin

PP-cells (____)

pancreatic polypeptide

E-cells (____)

ghrelin

Endocrine ____cells secrete hormones into blood vessels

Islets of Langerhans

Exocrine _____cells secrete digestive enzymes into pancreatic duct

Acinar

most abundant organic molecules in nature

Carbohydrates

Major energy source = Storage form of energy = Component of cell membranes = Structural component in…

glucose glycogen glycoprotein plants, bacteria, and insects

Examples of homopolysaccharides

Starch Glycogen Cellulose

Examples of heteropolysaccharides

Chitin Pectin Heparin

Smallest sugars Trioses

Glyceraldehyde Dihydroxyacetone

Pentose ex.

Aldose- Ribose Ketose- Ribulose

Hexoses ex.

Aldose- glucose, galactose Ketose- fructose

Tetroses ex.

Erythrose Threose Erythrolose

Ketone vs Aldehyde

Ketone has 2 R groups Aldehyde only have 1 R group

Compounds that have the same chemical formula

Isomers

Isomers ex.

Glucose Galactose Frcutose C6H12O6

Isomers that differ in configuration around only on one specific carbon atom

Epimers

Epimers ex.

D-Mannose D-Glucose D-Galactose

Optical isomers or stereoisomers Mirror images

Enantiomers

T or F D-sugars are more common

True

For enantiomers base of what carbon?

Penultimate carbon

Cyclic monosaccharides or glycosides that are epimers, differing from each other in the configuration

Anomers

Monosaccharides structure with 5 membered ring Monosaccharides structure with 6 membered ring

Furanose Pyranose

OH below the ring OH above the ring

Alpha Beta

Pyranose furanose Alpha beta

Anomers

D and L

Enantiomers

Insulin comes from ______ of islets of Langerhans

Beta-cells

Stimulus of insulin

Hyperglycemia

Actions of insulin

- Promotes glucose cellular entry (muscles and adipose tissues) - Increases glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and glycolysis - Inhibits glycogenolysis

Insulin increases

Increases glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and glycolysis

Insulin inhibits

Glycogenolysis

Unsay tanggalon sa preproinsulin para maging proinsulin? Asa?

N-terminal signal peptide Endoplasmic reticulum

Marker of insulin synthesis and secretion

C-peptide

Unsa na bond naa sa insulin

Disulfide bond

can differentiate exogenous and endogenous insulin

C-peptide (Exogenous insulin don’t have c peptide)

Can differentiate type 1 and type 2 diabetes

C peptide (T1- low\ T2- normal or high)

Because C peptide is cleared more slowly than insulin, it is a useful marker of______

insulin secretion

Half life of c peptide? Insulin?

35mins Around 5 mins

C peptide 1. Amino acids = 2. M. WT = 13. Half-life = minutes 3. No____ activity 4. Necessary for correct structure of___ 5. Fasting C-peptide ______ higher than insulin

31 3600 35 biological insulin 5 times to 10 times

Main hormone that increases hormone level

Glucagon

Glucagon is secreted by _____ of islets of Langerhans

Alpha-cells

Stimulus of glucagon

during stress fasting states

Actions of glucagon

Enhances glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis Increases blood glucose level

Epinephrine is secreted by Cortisol is secreted by

Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex (Zona fasiculata)

Stimulus of epinephrine and cortisol

Stress

Actions of epinephrine

↑ blood glucose level ↑ glycolysis Decrease entry of glucose into the cell

Actions of cortisol

↑ glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis Stimulates cortisol release thus increase plasma glucose

Where are Growth hormone and ACTH secreted from?

Anterior pituitary gland

Stimulus of growth hormone

Sleep, stress, exercise and low glucose levels

Stimulus of ACTH

Decrease cortisol level

GH actions

↑ blood glucose level ↑ glycolysis Decrease entry of glucose into the cell

ACTH Actions

↑ glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis Stimulates cortisol release thus increase plasma glucose

Thyroxine is secreted in the

Thyroid gland (Follicular cells)

Stimulus of thyroxine

Release of TSH

Actions of thyroxine

↑ glycogenolysis ↑ gluconeogenesis ↑ intestinal absorption of glucose

Somatostatin is secreted by

***Delta-cells*** of islets of Langerhans of the pancreas ***GI cells*** - D cells of the duodenum

Actions of somatostatin

INHIBITORY HORMONE to ***Insulin, glucagon, growth hormone,*** and other endocrine hormones

Incretins are secreted by

Gut hormones secreted by the ***enteroendocrine cells*** minutes after eating

Examples of incretins

- Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) - Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)

Incretins stimulates ______ Inhibit ___

Insulin release Glucagon release