Tumor Markers Prt 2

Question 1

TYPES OF TUMOR MARKERS

Escaroe

Answer 1

ENZYMES
SERUM PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATE AND CANCER ANTIGENS (CA)
RECEPTORS
ONCOFETAL ANTIGENS
ENDOCRINE (HORMONES)

Question 2

Prostate cancer

Prostate cancer screening, therapy monitoring, and recurrence

Answer 2

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

Question 3

Hepatocellular carcinoma, Bone cancers

Determination of liver and bone involvement; nonspecific elevations in liver and bone cancers

Placental ALP (PLAP): Germ cell tumors of testes and ovaries

Answer 3

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

Question 4

Prostatic Carcinoma

TRAP (Tartrate-resistant Acid Phosphatase): used in Hairy Cell Leukemia

Answer 4

Acid Phosphatase (ACP)

Question 5

Neuroendocrine tumors

Prognosis and monitoring disease progression

Answer 5

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE)

Question 6

Pancreatic cancer

Answer 6

Amylase, Lipase, Trypsin, RNase

Question 7

: Germ cell tumors of testes and ovaries

Answer 7

Placental ALP (PLAP)

Question 8

used in Hairy Cell Leukemia

Answer 8

TRAP (Tartrate-resistant Acid Phosphatase):

Question 9

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

Confirms increased Calcitonin

Answer 9

Histaminase

Question 10

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Classification of CML Predict prognosis and response to drugs

Answer 10

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT)

Question 11

Plasma cell dyscrasias

Diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring

Answer 11

Serum free light-chains (Bence-Jones Proteins)

Question 12

• found in the surface of all nucleated cells

Hematologic cancers

Prognostic marker for lymphoproliferative disorders

Answer 12

B2-microglobulin

Question 13

BENCE-JONES PROTEINS

Increased in:

Answer 13

Multiple myeloma
Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia
Plasmacytomas

Question 14

CA 19-9

Monitoring

Answer 14

Pancreatic cancer (With gastrointestinal cancers)

Question 15

CA 15-3 CA 27-29

Response to therapy and detecting recurrence

Answer 15

Metastatic breast cancer

Question 16

CA-125

Monitoring therapy

Answer 16

Ovarian carcinoma

Question 17

CYFRA 21-1

Answer 17

Lung carcinoma

Question 18

Breast cancer

Hormonal therapy indication

Answer 18

Estrogen Receptor (ER) Progesterone Receptor (PR) ER/PR

Question 19

Her-2/neu

Prognostic indicator and hormonal therapy indicator

Answer 19

Breast cancer (with GI and ovarian cancers)

Question 20

Head, neck, ovarian, cervical cancers

Prognostic indicator

Guide treatment for NSCLC (Nonsmall cell lung cancer)

Answer 20

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)

Question 21

Indicators for hormone therapy

Anti-estrogenic therapy
Tamoxifen and anastrozole

Answer 21

ER/PR

Question 22

Colorectal carcinoma

Most widely used for colorectal carcinoma

May be high in smokers, liver damage, lung, breast and GIT tumors

Answer 22

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

Question 23

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Nonspecific marker

Used in testicular cancer classification with HCG

Answer 23

Alphafeto protein (AFP)

Question 24

Pituitary adenoma Ectopic ACTH-producing hormone

Diagnosis of ACTH-producing tumors Cushing’s syndrome Oat cell carcinoma

Answer 24

Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 25

Posterior pituitary tumors Diagnosis of SIADH (Excessive water reabsorption)

Answer 25

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 26

Pituitary tumors Diagnosis and post-monitoring of acromegaly (Excessive growth)

Answer 26

Growth Hormone (GH)

Question 27

Pituitary adenoma Diagnosis of prolactinoma (Galactorrhea, amenorrhea)

Answer 27

Prolactin (PRL)

Question 28

Insulin-secreting tumors Diagnosis of insulinomas

Answer 28

Insulin C-peptide

Question 29

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) Screening, response to therapy, recurrence of MTC

Answer 29

Calcitonin

Question 30

Adrenal tumors Diagnosis of: Cushing’s syndrome Adrenal adenomas

Answer 30

Cortisol

Question 31

Neuroendocrine tumors Diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES) (Excessive acid production in the stomach)

Answer 31

Gastrin

Question 32

Parathyroid adenoma Diagnosis and post-surgical monitoring

Answer 32

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Question 33

Carcinoid tumors Diagnosis of Carcinoid tumors

Answer 33

Serotonin (5-HT) 5-HIAA (Serotonin Metabolite)

Question 34

Catecholamines and their metabolites - - Pheochromocytoma Neuroblastoma Paraganglioma Diagnosis

Answer 34

Homovanillic acid (HVA) Metanephrines Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)

Question 35

Pheochromocytoma Carcinoid Tumors Small Cell Lung Cancers Aid in diagnosis

Answer 35

Chromogranin A

Question 36

COMMONLY USED TUMOR MARKERS

Answer 36

AFP (ALPHAFETOPROTEIN) CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (HCG) PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA)

Question 37

Normally synthesized in the fetal liver that is re expressed in tumors (peaks at 12-15 weeks of gestation) Hepatocellular carcinoma and germ cell tumors Adult levels <20 ng/mL

Answer 37

AFP (ALPHAFETOPROTEIN)

Question 38

Most widely used TM for colorectal carcinoma Normally found in the fetal GI tract Increased levels (>10 ng/mL) are associated with colorectal carcinoma (but not specific)

Answer 38

CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA)

Question 39

Secreted by trophoblasts (placental cells) to maintain pregnancy Elevated in Gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTDs) Germ cell tumors of the ovary and testis

Answer 39

HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (HCG)

Question 40

Secreted by the prostate Regulate sperm viscosity and allows sperm to enter the ovum In healthy men, normally LOW levels of PSA circulate in the blood Can be increased in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Answer 40

PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA)