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CC LEC > Carbs Part 2 > Flashcards

Carbs Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

< 80mg/ dL

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2
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

> 120mg/dL

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3
Q

HYPOGLYCEMIA

A

Insulin overdose
Postprandial hypoglycemia
Fasting hypoglycemia

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4
Q

Reactive hypoglycemia

A

Insulin overdose

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5
Q

GI surgery
Mild diabetes

Baba ang glucose after eating

A

Postprandial hypoglycemia

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6
Q

Insulin producing pancreatic islet tumor (insulinomas)

Hepatic dysfunction

ROH consumption

A

Fasting hypoglycemia

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7
Q

It refers to a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia

A

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

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8
Q

Factors contributing to hyperglycemia include:

A

o reduced insulin secretion
o decreased glucose utilization
o increased glucose production

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9
Q

DM classification

PATHOGENESIS

B-Cell destruction
Absolute insulin deficiency
Autoantibodies

A

Type 1

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10
Q

DM classification

Insulin resistance with an insulin
secretory defect

Relative insulin deficiency

A

Type 2

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11
Q

DM classification

Glucose intolerance during pregnancy

Due to metabolic and hormonal
changes

A

Gestational

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12
Q

Autoantibodies

A

• Islet cell autoantibodies
• Insulin autoantibodies
• Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies
• Tyrosine phosphatase IA-2 and IA-2B autoantibodies

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13
Q

1.EXCESSIVE URINATION
2.INCREASED APPETITE
3.EXCESSIVE THIRST

A

POLYURIA

POLYPHAGIA

POLYDIPSIA

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14
Q

SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES

A

Always tired
Frequent urination
Always hungry
Sudden weight
Sexual problems
Always thirsty
Wounds that won’t heal
Blurry vision
Vaginal infections
Numb or tinglino hands or feet

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15
Q

o result of interactions of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors that ultimately lead to the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells and insulin deficiency.

o It can develop at any age, develops most commonly before____ years of age.

A

DM T1

20

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16
Q

Autoantigen

Activation of T helper 1 lymphocytes

IFNy

Activation of______ with release of IL-1 and TNF o.

A

macrophages

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17
Q

Autoantigen

Activation of T helper 1 lymphocytes

IL-2

Activation of____

A

autoantigen-specific T cytotoxic (CD8) cells

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18
Q

Autoantigen

Activation of T helper 2 lymphocytes

IL-4

Activation of______ to produce islet cell autoantibodies and antiGAD65 antibodies

A

B lymphocytes

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19
Q

characterized by impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, excessive hepatic glucose production, and abnormal fat metabolism.

A

DM T2

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20
Q

As insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia progress, the pancreatic islets in certain individuals are unable to sustain the hyperinsulinemic state.

A

DM T2

21
Q

Insulin resistance

Compensatory B-cell hyperplasia

B-cell failure (early)

B-cell failure (late)

A

Normoglycemia

Impaired glucose tolerance

Diabetes

22
Q

RISK FACTORS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES

A

Have a family history of diabetes

Have a BMI ≥ 23.0 kg/m

Lead an inactive lifestyle

Have high blood pressure

Have abnormal blood cholesterol/lipid levels

Have a history of gestationa diabetes

Are > 40 years old

Have impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose

23
Q

Management of Type 2 Diabetes
Glycemic control

A

• Diet/lifestyle
• Exercise
• Medication

24
Q

Management of
Type 2 Diabetes

Treat associated conditions

A

• Dyslipidemia
• Hypertension
• Obesity
• Coronary heart disease

25
Q

Risk factors of DM T1

A

Genetic, autoimmune, environmental

26
Q

Risk factors for DM T2

A

Genetic, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, race/ethnicity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, polycystic ovarian syndrome

27
Q

Destruction of pancreatic beta cells, usually autoimmune

A

DM T1

28
Q

No autoimmunity

A

DM T2

29
Q

C peptide

Very low or undetectable

A

DM T1

30
Q

C peptide

Detectable

A

DM T2

31
Q

Therapy to prevent or delay DM T1

A

None known Clinical trials in progress

32
Q

Therapy to prevent or delay DM T2

A

Lifestyle (weight loss and increased physical activity)

Oral medications (metformin, acarbose) may be helpful.

33
Q

Medication therapy for DM T1

A

Insulin absolutely necessary; multiple daily injections or insulin pump

34
Q

Medication therapy for DM T2

A

Oral agents and/or noninsulin injectable hypoglycemic drugs
Insulin commonly needed

35
Q

DM T3 resembles

A

DM T2

36
Q

What resembles DM T1

A

DM 3c

Pancreas experience damage

37
Q

any degree of glucose intolerance
with onset or first recognition during pregnancy

Causes metabolic and hormonal
changes

A

Gestational Diabetes

38
Q

Gestational DM

what trimester

A

2nd trimester (6 months)

39
Q

T or F

Insulin does not cross the placenta, but glucose can!

A

True

40
Q

GENETIC DEFECTS IN CHO METABOLISM
• Classic disorders of carbohydrate metabolism result from a specific enzyme defect
•________\ inheritance

A

Autosomal recessive

41
Q

Affected tissue
Liver, intestine, kidney

Enzyme defect
Glucose-6-phosphatase

A

(Von Gierke’s disease)

42
Q

Liver, muscle, heart

Lysosomal a-glucosidase

A

Pompe’s diseases

43
Q

Liver, muscle

Amylo-1, 6-glucosidase

A

Forbe’s disease

44
Q

Liver

1,4-0-glucan branching enzyme

A

Andersen disease

45
Q

Muscle only
Phosphorylase

A

McArdle disease

46
Q

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase

Classic galactosemia

A

Type I

47
Q

Galactokinase deficiency

A

Type II Galactokinase

48
Q

Galactose epimerase deficiency

A

Type II UDP galactose epimerase

49
Q

Essential fructosuria

Hereditary fructose intolerance

FBPase deficiency

A

Fructokinase

Aldolase B

FBPase

CC LEC (39 decks)

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