Carbs Part 2

Question 1

Hypoglycemia

Answer 1

< 80mg/ dL

Question 2

Hyperglycemia

Answer 2

> 120mg/dL

Question 3

HYPOGLYCEMIA

Answer 3

Insulin overdose
Postprandial hypoglycemia
Fasting hypoglycemia

Question 4

Reactive hypoglycemia

Answer 4

Insulin overdose

Question 5

GI surgery
Mild diabetes

Baba ang glucose after eating

Answer 5

Postprandial hypoglycemia

Question 6

Insulin producing pancreatic islet tumor (insulinomas)

Hepatic dysfunction

ROH consumption

Answer 6

Fasting hypoglycemia

Question 7

It refers to a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia

Answer 7

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

Question 8

Factors contributing to hyperglycemia include:

Answer 8

o reduced insulin secretion
o decreased glucose utilization
o increased glucose production

Question 9

DM classification

PATHOGENESIS

B-Cell destruction
Absolute insulin deficiency
Autoantibodies

Answer 9

Type 1

Question 10

DM classification

Insulin resistance with an insulin
secretory defect

Relative insulin deficiency

Answer 10

Type 2

Question 11

DM classification

Glucose intolerance during pregnancy

Due to metabolic and hormonal
changes

Answer 11

Gestational

Question 12

Autoantibodies

Answer 12

• Islet cell autoantibodies
• Insulin autoantibodies
• Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies
• Tyrosine phosphatase IA-2 and IA-2B autoantibodies

Question 13

1.EXCESSIVE URINATION
2.INCREASED APPETITE
3.EXCESSIVE THIRST

Answer 13

POLYURIA

POLYPHAGIA

POLYDIPSIA

Question 14

SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES

Answer 14

Always tired
Frequent urination
Always hungry
Sudden weight
Sexual problems
Always thirsty
Wounds that won’t heal
Blurry vision
Vaginal infections
Numb or tinglino hands or feet

Question 15

o result of interactions of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors that ultimately lead to the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells and insulin deficiency.

o It can develop at any age, develops most commonly before____ years of age.

Answer 15

DM T1

20

Question 16

Autoantigen

Activation of T helper 1 lymphocytes

IFNy

Activation of______ with release of IL-1 and TNF o.

Answer 16

macrophages

Question 17

Autoantigen

Activation of T helper 1 lymphocytes

IL-2

Activation of____

Answer 17

autoantigen-specific T cytotoxic (CD8) cells

Question 18

Autoantigen

Activation of T helper 2 lymphocytes

IL-4

Activation of______ to produce islet cell autoantibodies and antiGAD65 antibodies

Answer 18

B lymphocytes

Question 19

characterized by impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, excessive hepatic glucose production, and abnormal fat metabolism.

Answer 19

DM T2

Question 20

As insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia progress, the pancreatic islets in certain individuals are unable to sustain the hyperinsulinemic state.

Answer 20

DM T2

Question 21

Insulin resistance

Compensatory B-cell hyperplasia

B-cell failure (early)

B-cell failure (late)

Answer 21

Normoglycemia

Impaired glucose tolerance

Diabetes

Question 22

RISK FACTORS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES

Answer 22

Have a family history of diabetes

Have a BMI ≥ 23.0 kg/m

Lead an inactive lifestyle

Have high blood pressure

Have abnormal blood cholesterol/lipid levels

Have a history of gestationa diabetes

Are > 40 years old

Have impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose

Question 23

Management of Type 2 Diabetes
Glycemic control

Answer 23

• Diet/lifestyle
• Exercise
• Medication

Question 24

Management of
Type 2 Diabetes

Treat associated conditions

Answer 24

• Dyslipidemia
• Hypertension
• Obesity
• Coronary heart disease

Question 25

Risk factors of DM T1

Answer 25

Genetic, autoimmune, environmental

Question 26

Risk factors for DM T2

Answer 26

Genetic, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, race/ethnicity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, polycystic ovarian syndrome

Question 27

Destruction of pancreatic beta cells, usually autoimmune

Answer 27

DM T1

Question 28

No autoimmunity

Answer 28

DM T2

Question 29

C peptide Very low or undetectable

Answer 29

DM T1

Question 30

C peptide Detectable

Answer 30

DM T2

Question 31

Therapy to prevent or delay DM T1

Answer 31

None known Clinical trials in progress

Question 32

Therapy to prevent or delay DM T2

Answer 32

Lifestyle (weight loss and increased physical activity) Oral medications (metformin, acarbose) may be helpful.

Question 33

Medication therapy for DM T1

Answer 33

Insulin absolutely necessary; multiple daily injections or insulin pump

Question 34

Medication therapy for DM T2

Answer 34

Oral agents and/or noninsulin injectable hypoglycemic drugs Insulin commonly needed

Question 35

DM T3 resembles

Answer 35

DM T2

Question 36

What resembles DM T1

Answer 36

DM 3c Pancreas experience damage

Question 37

any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy Causes metabolic and hormonal changes

Answer 37

Gestational Diabetes

Question 38

Gestational DM what trimester

Answer 38

2nd trimester (6 months)

Question 39

T or F Insulin does not cross the placenta, but glucose can!

Answer 39

True

Question 40

GENETIC DEFECTS IN CHO METABOLISM • Classic disorders of carbohydrate metabolism result from a specific enzyme defect •________\ inheritance

Answer 40

Autosomal recessive

Question 41

Affected tissue Liver, intestine, kidney Enzyme defect Glucose-6-phosphatase

Answer 41

(Von Gierke's disease)

Question 42

Liver, muscle, heart Lysosomal a-glucosidase

Answer 42

Pompe’s diseases

Question 43

Liver, muscle Amylo-1, 6-glucosidase

Answer 43

Forbe’s disease

Question 44

Liver 1,4-0-glucan branching enzyme

Answer 44

Andersen disease

Question 45

Muscle only Phosphorylase

Answer 45

McArdle disease

Question 46

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase Classic galactosemia

Answer 46

Type I

Question 47

Galactokinase deficiency

Answer 47

Type II Galactokinase

Question 48

Galactose epimerase deficiency

Answer 48

Type II UDP galactose epimerase

Question 49

Essential fructosuria Hereditary fructose intolerance FBPase deficiency

Answer 49

Fructokinase Aldolase B FBPase