Patient Prep

Question 1

PRE-ANALYTICAL VARIABLES/FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE VARIATION OF RESULTS:

Answer 1

1. Exercise
2. Fasting
3. Diet
4. Posture and Position
5. Tourniquet application
6. Tobacco Smoking
7. Alcohol ingestion
8. Stress (anxiety)
9. Drugs

Question 2

Exercise

Volume shifts between the vascular and interstitial compartments, volume loss by______ and changes in_____ concentrations

Answer 2

sweating

hormone

Question 3

Exercise

Transient increased in

Answer 3

lactate
fatty acid
ammonia

Question 4

Exercise

Long-term increases in

Answer 4

CPK - Creatine phosphokinase
AST - Aspartate transaminase
LD - Lactate dehydrogenase
aldolase

Question 5

Exercise

Increased

Answer 5

prolactin
testosterone
luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 6

Exercise

Elevated levels of______ in urine

Answer 6

proteins

(proteinuria)

Question 7

Exercise

Vigorous hand exercise (fist clenching) increases

Answer 7

potassium
lactate
phosphate

Question 8

Exercise

Decreased plasma levels of ____ and ____ in long distance athletes.

Answer 8

FSH and LH

Question 9

NPO (nothing by mouth)

Answer 9

Non peroral

Question 10

Fasting

Glucose

Answer 10

8-10

Question 11

Fasting

lipids and lipoproteins

Answer 11

10-12

Question 12

48 hrs fasting – increase

Answer 12

serum bilirubin

Question 13

72 hrs fasting – increase______ while_____ decreases in women to 45 mg/dL

Answer 13

triglycerides

glucose

Question 14

Fasting

Basal state collection:

Answer 14

glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and electrolytes

Question 15

Fasting

Requires fasting specimen: FaGoTLGI

Answer 15

FBS - Fasting blood sugar
GTT - glucose tolerance test
TAG - Triglyceride level test
Lipid Profile test
gastrin
insulin

Question 16

High protein diet – increase

Answer 16

urea

Question 17

__________– increase urea

Answer 17

High protein diet

Question 18

Diet

(3) may show variation post absorptive hormonal effects

Answer 18

Glucose
lipids
catecholamines

Question 19

Diet

High protein, low carbohydrate diets increased_____ in urine

Answer 19

ketones

Question 20

Fat-rich food may increase

Answer 20

potassium
ALP - Alkaline phosphatase
TAG - Triglyceride
5-HIAA - 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid

Question 21

Serotonin-rich food (banana, pineapple, tomato, and avocado) increase the_______

Answer 21

urinary excretion of 5-HIAA (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid)

Question 22

_____increases concentrations of glucose; it promotes the release of____ from the adrenal medulla and brain tissue.

Answer 22

Caffeine

catecholamines

Question 23

Increased in obese persons:

Answer 23

LD - Lactate Dehydrogensase
cortisol
glucose

Question 24

Preferred position during phlebotomy:

Answer 24

upright position or supine

Question 25

Changing from supine to sitting or standing position increased levels of ACE

Answer 25

albumin calcium enzymes

Question 26

Changing from sitting to supine - increase levels of

Answer 26

proteins lipids BUN (blood urea nitrogen) iron calcium

Question 27

Changing from standing to supine position - decreased levels of

Answer 27

cholesterol triglycerides lipoproteins

Question 28

Prolonged standing for more than 30 minutes - increased______

Answer 28

potassium

Question 29

Prolonged bed rest - decreased

Answer 29

plasma albumin

Question 30

Tourniquet ______application is recommended

Answer 30

1 minute

Question 31

Tourniquet Prolonged application =

Answer 31

hemoconcentration and anaerobiosis

Question 32

Tourniquet Increase levels: PPELCA

Answer 32

potassium proteins (albumin) enzymes lactate cholesterol ammonia

Question 33

Prolonged use of tourniquet with fist exercise -increase

Answer 33

potassium (1 mmol/L)

Question 34

For measurement of_____ - tourniquet use should be minimal, and the patient should not clench his or her fist otherwise will result to elevated levels of lactate

Answer 34

lactate

Question 35

ALCOHOL INGESTION • Increased level of • (chronic alcoholism)

Answer 35

urate, triglycerides, and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT). Hypoglycemia

Question 36

STRESS (ANXIETY) Affects _______secretion

Answer 36

adrenal hormone

Question 37

Stress Increased:

Answer 37

catecholamines cortisol ACTH prolactin insulin albumin glucose lactate

Question 38

Stress _______has been reported to increase with mild stress, and_______ to decrease by as much as 15%.

Answer 38

Total cholesterol HDL cholesterol

Question 39

Stress - affects acid-base balance

Answer 39

Hyperventilation

Question 40

Drugs ______ can elevate liver function enzymes

Answer 40

Hepatotoxic drugs

Question 41

Drugs Diuretics can cause decreased ______ and ______

Answer 41

plasma sodium potassium

Question 42

Drugs cause increases in liver and pancreatic enzymes.

Answer 42

Opiates

Question 43

Drugs can cause decreased plasma sodium and potassium.

Answer 43

Diuretics

Question 44

Affected by diurnal variation: increased in AM:

Answer 44

ACTH, aldosterone, cortisol, and iron.

Question 45

Affected by diurnal conc decreased in PM:

Answer 45

Acid phosphatase Growth hormone Parathyroid hormone Thyroid Stimulating hormone

Question 46

Affected by_____ (increased levels): albumin, Alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, and phosphorus

Answer 46

age

Question 47

Affected by _____ (increased levels): : Albumin, ALP. creatinine, uric acid, cholesterol, BUN : HDL, iron and cholesterol

Answer 47

Gender Male Female

Question 48

Affected by _______ increased levels - glucose, TAG, gastrin, free calcium decreased levels - electrolytes (CI-, K+, P+), ALP, AMS

Answer 48

recent food ingestion: