Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Hesi PN > cardiac > Flashcards

cardiac Flashcards

(81 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is preload

A

the amount of blood returning to the right side of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is afterload

A

the pressure in the aorta and peripheral arteries that the left ventricle has to pump against to get the blood out
pressure is resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why does hypertension lead to HF and pulmonary edema

A

with hypertension there is more resistance for the left ventricle to pump against

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is stroke volume

A

the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles with each beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

factors that affect cardiac output

A

heart rate and certain arrhythmias
blood volume
decreased contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does blood volume affect cardiac output

A

less volume= decreased CO
more volume= increased CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what decreases cardiac contractility

A

MI
medication
cardiac muscle disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

medication to help preload

A

diuretics
nitrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how do medications help preload

A

vasodilator or diurese to reduce preload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how do medications help afterload

A

vasodilator to reduce afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

medications to help afterload

A

ACE inhibitors (enalapril, Posinopril, Catopril)
ARBS (losartan, irbesartan)
hydralazine
nitrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what drugs improve contractility

A

inotropes (dopamine, dobutamine, milrinone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what medication control heart rate

A

beta blockers, LOLs
calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, verapamil, amlodipine
digoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what drugs control rhythm

A

antiarrhythmics (amiodarone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cardiac output assessment

A

if CO is decreased poor perfusion
LOC will go down
chest pain
wet lungs, short of breath
cool and clammy
low urine output
weak peripheral pulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

arrhythmias that are always a big deal

A

pulsless vtach
v-fib
asystole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is coronary artery diesease

A

broad term that includes, stable chronic angina and acute coronary syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is chronic stable angina

A

intermittent decrease blood flow to the myocardium leading to ischemia that can lead to temporary pain or pressure in chest,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what causes pain in chronic stable angina

A

low O2 usually due to exertion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what relieves pain in chronic stable angina

A

rest, nitro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does nitro help chronic stable angina

A

causes vaso and arterial dilation decreasing pre and afterload
causes dilation of coronary arteries increasing flow to actual heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how often do you take nitro

A

1 every 5 min x 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

side effects of nitro

A

may burn or fizz
headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how often do you replace nitro

A

every six months, spray 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what happens to bp after administering nitro
drops
26
what do beta blockers due to MP, P and myocardial contractility, CO
decrease
27
what happens when you decrease the workload on the heart
the need for oxygen is decreased, increasing angina,
28
what do calcium channel blockers do
cause vaso dilation of the arterial system including coronary arteries, increase afterload and o2 to a heart muscle
29
What is another name for asprin
acetylsalicylic acid
30
pt education for chronic stable angina
rest frequently avoid over eating avoid excess caffeine or any drugs that increase HR wait 2 hours after eating to exercise dress warmly in cold weather take nitro prophylactically smoking cessation lose weight avoid isometric exercise (weight lifting) reduce stress
31
cardia catheterization pre procedure requirements
ask if allergic to iodine or shelfish check kidney function take acetylcysteine pre procedure to protect kidneys warm fluttery feeling and palpitations are normal
32
post cardiac catheterization
monitor VS watch puncture site (bleeding, hematoma) assess extremity distal to site bed rest, flat, extremity straight 4-6 hours report bleeding asap hold metformin 48 hours post procedure
33
what happens with acute coronary syndrome
decreased blood flow to myocardium leading to ischemia and necrosis does not need to do anything to precipitate nitro will not help
34
signs and symptoms of acute coronary syndrome
pain (crushing, elephant sitting on Chet, pressure radiating to the left arm and jaw, nausea and vomiting pain between shoulder pain cold clammy bp drops cardiac output is down ECG changes vomiting
35
MI symptoms in women
epigastric discomfort pain between shoulder blades aching jaw choking sensation unusual fatigue unable to catch breath
36
what is CPK-MB
cardiac specific iso enzyme increased with damage to cardiac cells elevates within 2-6 hours and peaks in 12-24 hours
37
what is troponin
cardiac biomarker with high specificity to myocardial damage elevates wishing 3-4 hours and remains elevated up to 3 weeks
38
troponin lab values
troponin T <0.10ng/ml troponin I < 0.03ng/ml
39
medications used for chest pain in ED
Oxygen ASA intro morphine elevated HOB
40
What do thrombolytics do
dissolve the clot that is blocking blood flow of the heart decreasing risk of infarction
41
complication of thrombolytics
bleeding
42
what is included in bleeding precautions
watch for gum bleed hematuria black stools use electric razor and soft tooth brush no IMs
43
medications requiring bleeding precautions
abciximab acetaminophen acetylsalicylic acid apixaban clopidogrel dabigartan enoxaparin sodium eptifibatide heparin rivaroxaban warfarin
44
what is percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
includes all interventions such as PTCA and stents
45
major complication of an angioplaty
MI client may bleed from heart Cath site or they could reocclude if any problems go to surgery
46
signs of reoccluding
chest pain after procedure
47
when is a coronary artery bypass
with multiple vessel disease or left main coronary artery occlusion
48
what does left main coronary artery supply
entire left ventricle
49
what happens with left main coronary artery occlusion
sudden death
50
cardiac rehabilitatin
smoking cesations increase activity gradually low fat, low salt, low cholesterol no isometric exercise (increases work load) no valsalva (will bottom out) no straining resume sex in one week to 10 days morning is safest time for sex best exercise is walking
51
signs and symptoms of heart failure
weight gain ankle edema shortness of breath confusion
52
causes of heart failure
complication of cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, endocarditis, acute mi and hypertentsion
53
what happens with left sided heart failure
blood is not moving forward into the aorta and to body and backs into the lungs
54
signs of left sided heart failure
pulmonary congestion dyspnea cough blood tinged frothy sputum restlessness tachycardia S-3 orthopnea nocturna dyspnea
55
what is right sided heart failure
distended neck veins edema enlarged organs weight gain ascites
56
what does systolic HF mean
hear cannot contract and eject
57
what does diastolic hf mean
ventricles can't relax and fill
58
standard medications for HF
ace inhibitors ARBS
59
what do ACE inhibiters do for HF
suppress renin angiotensin system prevent conversion of angiotensin 1-2 results in arterial dilation and increased stroke volume
60
what do arbs do
block angiotensin 2 receptors and cause a decrease in arterial resistance and decreased BP
61
when is digoxin used
when the client is in sinus rhythm or A-fib and has accompanying chronic H
62
what does digoxin do
makes contraction stronger slows heart rate(ventricles have more time to fill) cardiac output goes up kidney profusion goes up
63
normal digoxin levels
0.5-2 ng/ml
64
symptoms of digoxin toxicity
early: anorexia, nausea, vomiting late arrhythmias and vision changes potassium effects it most
65
examples of diuretics
furosemide hydrochlorothiazide bumetanide triamterene spriolactone
66
when do you give diuretics
morning
67
what do low sodium diets do
decrease fluid retention and decrease preload
68
what is a consideration when using salt substitutes
contain excess potassium
69
What is the natural pacemaker
SA node
70
what happens if hr drops below 60
cardiac output is decreased
71
what do you do post-procedure for permanent pacemaker
monitor inceision immobilize arm assisted passive range of motion to prevent frozen shoulder keep the client from raising the arm higher than right shoulder
72
most common complication of permanent pacemaker
electrode displacement
73
cardiac pacemaker client education
check pulse daily ID card or bracelet avoid electromagnetic fields avoid MRI's
74
signs of acute arterial occlusion
numbness and pain cold extremity no palpable pulses more symptomatic in lower extremities intermittent claudication -hallmark sign pain at rest
75
treatment of arterial disorders
dangle vein angioplasty or endarterectomy
76
Pain artery vs chronic venous insufficiency
artery-intermittent claudication progresses to rest pain vein- none to aching pain or depending on dependency of area
77
pulses arterial vs venous insufficiency
artery- decreased or absent vein- normal
78
color
artery-pale when elevated red with lowering of leg vein- normal (may see petechiae or brown pigmentation with chronic condition)
79
temperature arterial vs venous insufficiency
artery- cool vein-normal
80
edema artery vs venous insufficiency
artery absent or mild vein present
81
skin changes arterial vs venous insufficiency
artery- thin, shiny, loss of hair over foot, toes, nail thickening vein- brown pigmentation around ankles possible thickening of skin, scarring may develop

Hesi PN (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions