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endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Addisons disease

A

adrenocortical insufficiency-not enough steroids

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2
Q

what is cushings disease

A

too many steroids

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3
Q

What do glucocorticoids do

A

affect mood
cause immunosuppression
breakdown fats and proteins
inhibit insulin

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4
Q

what do mineralcorticoids responsible for

A

retention of sodium and water
excretion of potassium

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5
Q

what is aldosterone

A

a mineralcorticoid

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6
Q

symptoms of decreased glucocorticoids

A

fatigue
weight loss
hypoglycemia
confusion

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7
Q

symptoms of decreased mental corticoids

A

loss of sodium and water> hyponatremicm FVD
retention of potassium> hyperkalemic
hypotension

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8
Q

what will you find in someone with addisons

A

hair loss
hyperpigmentation
weightlos
gi distrubances
fatigue
hypoglycemia
postural hypotension
weakness

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9
Q

symptoms of an adrenal crisis

A

extreme fatigue
dehydration
fever
hypotension
renal shutdown
^serum K
decreased NA

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10
Q

How do you treat an adrenal crisis

A

think shock
IV fluids
increase sodium intake
I&O
daily weight
replace steroids

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11
Q

how do you replace steroids

A

prednisone
fludrocortisone

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12
Q

What happens with too many mineralocorticoids

A

fluid retention
sodium retention
potassium excretion

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13
Q

what happens with too many glucocorticoids

A

immunosuppression
hyperglycemia
mood alteration
fat redistribution

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14
Q

findings in Cushings disease

A

thinning hair
moon face
increased facial hair
increased weight
pendulous abdomen
stretch marks
thin skin
buffalo hump
increased fat around neck
easy bruising
cns irritability
fluid retention
osteoprosis
thin extremities
slow healing

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15
Q

treatment of Cushing

A

adrenalectomy
avoid infection

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16
Q

What does not enough ADH lead to

A

DI

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17
Q

what does too much ADH lead to

A

SIADH

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18
Q

What can lead to increased ADH

A

craniotomy
head injury
sinus surgery

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19
Q

what is a synthetic ADH medication

A

Vasopressin

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20
Q

where is ADH made

A

pituitary gland

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21
Q

What is diabetes insipidus

A

not enough ADH in the body
kidneys produce large amounts of urine
leads to FVD
hypotension and shock

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22
Q

Assessment finding is diabetes insipidus

A

lack of concentration
dry mouth and thirst
rapid heart rate
low blood pressure
muscle cramps
light headedness
dry eyes
weight loss
large amounts of urine

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23
Q

What happens to labs with DI

A

urine is dilute
-decrased use
-decreased urine osmolarity
blood is concentrated
-increased serum NA
increased serum osmolarity
-serum HCT>40%

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24
Q

Treatment of diabetes insipidus

A

monitor neuro status
replace fluids
-monitor UOP
-replace volume
vasopressin

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25
What is SIADH
body is making too much ADH body retains water decreased UOP retention of water in vascular space only water is retained not sodium
26
assessment finding in SIADH
weight gain no peripheral edema anorexia nausea vomitint low serum sodium
27
lab values with SIADH
urine is concentrated -decreased UOP -increased urine osmolality -increased specific gravity -increased urine sodium blood is dilute -increased blood volume decreased blood osmolality hyponatremia anemia
28
Treatment of SIADH
monitor serum sodium- sodium replacement seizure precautions fluid restriction hypertonic saline
29
What is graves disease
too much thyroid hormone
30
symptoms of graves disease
sweating tremor exophthalmos arrhythmia and tachycardia nausea and diarrhea oligomenorrhea muscle weakness headache weight loss nervousness emotional instability
31
Symptoms of a thyroid storm
very high fever very high heart rate palpitations chest pain shortness of breath
32
risk factors of a thyroid storm
graves disease recent surgery on thyroid or trauma to thyroid
33
graves disease treatment
antithyroid (methimazole iodine compounds radioactive iodine therapy thyroidectomy
34
What is hypothyroidism
not enough T3 and T4 with high TSH
35
Symptoms of hypothyroidism
thinning hair or hair loss puffy face dry and coarse skin constipation cool extremities and swelling of limbs loss of eyebrow hair enlarged thyroid slow HR poor appetite infertility and heavy menstruation carpal sunnel intolerance to cold fatigue
36
treatment of hypothyroidism
levothyroxine
37
how should you take levothyroxine
on an empty stomach same time every day
38
What does parathyroid hormone do
causes calcium to be pulled out of the bones and into the blood increases serum calcium
39
What happens with hypoparathyroidism
parathyroid glands to not produce enough PTH low serum calcium levels high phosphorus levels
40
how does hypoparathyroidism effect CNS
seizures calcifications Parkinsonism or dystonia
41
how does hypoparathyroidism affect cardiovascular system
cardiac arrhythmias hypocalcemia associated dilated cardiomyopathy
42
how does hypoparathyroidism affect respiratory system
laryngospasm
43
how does hypoparathyroidism affect the renal system
nephocalcinosis kidney stones chronic kidney disease
44
how does hypoparathyroidism affect the PNS
paraesthesia muscle cramp tetany
45
how does hypoparathyroidism affect the neuropsychiatric system
symptoms of anxiety and depression
46
how does hypoparathyroidism affect ophthalmological system
cataracts papilloedema
47
how does hypoparathyroidism affect the dental system
altered tooth morphology
48
how does hypoparathyroidism affect skin
dry skin onycholysis coarse thin hair pustular psoriasis
49
how does hypoparathyroidism affect musculoskeletal system
myopathy spondyloarthropathy
50
Treatment of hypoparathyroidism
fix electrolyte imbalances calcium replacement phosphorus binders
51
What is hyperparathyroidism
parathyroid glands secrete too much PTH high levels of serum calcium levels low phosphorus levels
52
how does hyperparathyroid affect digestive system
loss of appetite nausea vomiting constipation
53
how does hyperparathyroid affect musculoskeletal system
muscle weakness aches and pains in bones and joints
54
how does hyperparathyroid affect nervous system
fatigue confusion depression
55
how does hyperparathyroidism effect urinary system
kidney stones increased thirst increased urination
56
treatment for hyperparathyroidism
partial parathyroidectomy
57
what can not enough insulin lead to
DM, DKAm HHNS
58
what can too much insulin lead to
hypoglycemia
59
What is type 1 diabetes
autoimmune disease or idiopathic pancreas cannot produce insulin glucose cannot get to cells for fuel
60
findings in diabetes type
frequent urination irritability weight loss increased thirst gatigue extreme hunger blurred vision
61
onset, peak and duration of rapid acting insulin
15 min 30-90 min 3-5 hours
62
onset peak and duration regular insulin (short acting)
30-60 2-4 hours 6-8 hours
63
onset peak an duration of intermediate acting insulin (NPH)
1-2 hours 6-14 hours 16-24 hours
64
onset peak and duration of long acting insulin
1-2 hours none 24 hours
65
What is the only cloud insulin
NPH
66
what order do you draw insulin
regular then NPH never long acting
67
What type of diabetics get DKA
Type 1
68
what are early signs of DKA
polyuria polydipsia polyphagia high blood glucose levels high keystone levels in urine
69
late signs of DKA
feeling weak or constantly sleepy dry/flushed skin nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain difficulty breathing, fruity smelling breath
70
treatment for DKA
hourly BG and serum potassium ABG fluids- decrease blood sugar, drive potassium back into the cell
71
what are long term effects of diabetes type 2
poor wound healing frequent infections vision problems kidney problems
72
Treatment of Diabetes 2
low carb-complex carbs proteins and veggies exercise-before eating and when BS is at its highest oral agents-metformin insulin
73
Causes of hypoglycemia
not enough food too much insulin too much exercise
74
signs of hypoglycemia
cold clammy confused shakey nervous nausea headache hungry blurry vision
75
Treatment of hypoglycemia
consume 15 grams of carbs wait 15 minutes check again eat another 15 if still low after rising eat a snack with complex carb/protein to keep it up
76
what to do if unconscious hypoglycemia
push D50W if IV acces glucagon if no IV

Hesi PN (24 decks)

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