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Hennepin Paramedic Trainee 2024 > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

What is Inotropy?

A

Force of cardiac contraction (Regulated by the autonomic nervous system)

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2
Q

What is Chronotropy?

A

Heart rate (Regulated by the autonomic nervous system)

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3
Q

What is Dromotropy?

A

Speed of conduction specifically dealing with the AV node.

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4
Q

What does the “T” wave represent?

A

The ventricles repolarizing

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5
Q

What does the “QRS” represent? What other process is occuring in the middle of the “QRS”?

A

-Ventricles contracting.
-Atrial polarization

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6
Q

What does the “P” wave represent?

A

Atria depolarizing and the atria contracting

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7
Q

What is the S1 “Lub” sound and when does it occur?

A

-Bi/Tricuspid Closing
-Systole

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8
Q

What is the S2 “Dub” sound and when does it occur?

A

-Aortic and Pulmonary valves closing
-Diastole

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9
Q

What is the S3 “da” sound and when does it occur?

A

-Extra fluid sloshing
-Ventricular diastole

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10
Q

What is the S4 “bla” sound and when does it occur?

A

-Ventricle too thick
-Atrial systole

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11
Q

What is Preload affected by?

A

-Venous blood pressure
-Venous return

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12
Q

What systems affect Preload?

A

-The thoracoabdominal pump (ability to pump blood back to heart through pressure)
-The skeletal muscles in the legs (muscles contract to “milk” blood back to heart)

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13
Q

What is Afterload?

A

-Systemic pressure that the ventricles have to push against. –Also known as the amount of pressure the heart needs to exert to eject the blood during ventricular contraction

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14
Q

What is preload?

A

-Force that stretches the cardiac muscle before contraction.
-Composed of the volume that fills the heart form venous return. The more it fills the more it will contract (Starling’s Law)

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15
Q

What does the Sodium (Na+)/Potassium (K+) do for a cell?

A

Exchanges Na+ and K+ at the cost of energy, bringing the cell back to resting potential

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16
Q

What is occuring in the repolarization phase of the contractile myocardium?

A

Potassium (K+) finishes rushing out of the cell

17
Q

What is occuring in the plateau phase of the contractile myocardium?

A

A small bit of Potassium (K+) rushes out of a cell, Calcium (Ca++) rushes in causing a plateau in the potential of the cell

18
Q

What is occurring in the Depolarization phase of the contractile myocardium?

A

Sodium (Na+) rushes into cell. Action potential increases.

19
Q

What is the travel order of electrical impulse in cardiac function?

A

1) Sinoatrial Node (SA) 60-100
2) Atrioventricular Node (AV) Pause 40-60
3) Through Bundle of HIS
4) Down Bundle Branches (Right and Left)
5) Through Purkinje Fibers

20
Q

What are the Semilunar valves of the heart?

A

-Pulmonary
-Aortic

21
Q

What are the 3 tissue layers of the heart?

A

-Epicardium
-Myocardium
-Endocardium

22
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the Left Coronary Artery?

A

-Left Anterior Descending
-Left Descending Circumflex
-Posterior Descending

23
Q

What are the 2 main branches of the Right Coronary Atery?

A

-Right Marginal Artery
-Posterior Descending Artery

24
Q

What is the normal pulse rate of an adult?

A

60-100

25
Q

What is the normal pulse rate of a child 1-2 years old?

A

98-140

Ask PHTLS why 98 lol

26
Q

What is the normal pulse rate of a child 3-5 years old?

A

80-120

27
Q

what is the normal pulse rate of a child 6-12 years old?

A

75-118

Ask PHTLS why 118 lol

28
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

The percentage of blood ejected from a filled ventricle.

29
Q

What do these findings sound like?
-Transcient chest pain due to myocardial ischemia
-Often provoked by exertion or stress
-Typically lasts less than 30 min.
-Resolved with rest or nitro.

A

Angina (stable angina)

30
Q

What findings are common with left heart failure?

A

-Dyspnea
-Pulmonary edema

Left ventricular dysfuntion causes baskpressure into pulmonary circulation. MI is a common cause of left heart failure.

31
Q

What findings are common with right heart failure?

A

-JVD
-Pedal Edema

Left heart failure is the most frequent cause of right heart failure. Right ventricular dysfunction causes backpressure into systemic venous circulation.

32
Q

Management of CHF..

A

-Avoid placing supine
-Supplemental oxygen as needed
-CPAP as indicated
-IV Access
-ECG Monitoring
-Nitro as indicated

Narcotics and diuretics in CHF patients have shown to be ineffective and possibly harmful.

33
Q

What do these signs/symptoms sound like:
-Chest Pain
-Dyspnea
-Beck’s Triad (JVD, narrowing pulse pressure, muffled heart tones)

A

Cardiac Tamponade

Hennepin Paramedic Trainee 2024 (22 decks)

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