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Hennepin Paramedic Trainee 2024 > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

In the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve how does a left shift affect affinity?

A

Affinity is Increased (Wants to hold on to O2)

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2
Q

In the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve how does a right shift affect affinity?

A

Affinity is decreased (Wants to let go of O2)

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3
Q

In the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve what 3 things cause a right shift?

A

-Increased Temperature
-Increased 2, 3-DPG
-Increased H+

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4
Q

In the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve what 4 things cause a left shift?

A

-Decreased Temperature
-Decreased 2,3-DPG
-Decreased H+
-CO (Carbon Monoxide)

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5
Q

What is a Ligand?

A

Signaling molecule used by the body for cells to communicate with other cells

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6
Q

Where is Albumin made? What is it made of? What are its 2 purposes?

A

-Made in Liver
-Is a protein
1) Enters blood stream and using oncotic pressure helps keep fluid from leaking out of your vessels .
2) Carries a variety of substances such as Ligand.

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7
Q

Decrease in cell size is called?

A

Atrophy

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8
Q

Increase in cell size is called?

A

Hypertrophy

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9
Q

Increase in cell number is called?

A

Hyperplasia

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10
Q

Alteration in cell size, shape, and organization is called?

A

Dysplasia

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11
Q

A cell type is replaced by another is called?

A

Metaplasia

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12
Q

The human body is composed primarily of ?

A

Water

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13
Q

Homeostasis can be upset by excessive output or input of?

A

Fluids

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14
Q

The degree of fluid imbalance required to compromise homeostasis and cause illness depends on the patient’s?

A

-Size
-Age
-Underlying medical conditions

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15
Q

An Excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial space is called?

A

Edema

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16
Q

-Increased capillary pressure
-Decreased colloidal osmotic pressure
-Lymphatic vessel obstruction

are examples of?

A

Edema

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17
Q

Normal Level of Sodium Electrolyte

A

-136 to 142 mEq/L

-Hypertonic fluid deficit: Caused by excess water loss without proportionate loss of sodium

-Hypotonic fluid deficit: Caused by excess sodium loss with less water loss

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18
Q

Normal Level of Potassium Electrolyte

A

-Normal level: 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L

-Hypokalemia: Decreased serum potassium level

-Hyperkalemia: Elevated serum potassium level

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19
Q

Assessment for Edema should include?

A

-Auscultation of breath sounds

-Evaluation for pedal/sacral edema and jugular venous distention

-Electrocardiogram (ECG) and vital sounds

-Treatment may include continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), supplemental oxygen, positional therapy, nitrates, and diuretics

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20
Q

Decrease in extracellular fluid with proportionate losses of sodium and water indicates

A

Isotonic fluid deficit

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21
Q

Increase in extracellular fluid with proportionate increases in both sodium and water indicates?

A

Isotonic fluid excess

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22
Q

Normal Level Calcium Electrolyte

A

-Normal level: 8.2 to 10.2 mg/dL

-Hypocalcemia: Decreased serum calcium level

-Hypercalcemia: Increased serum calcium level

23
Q

Normal Level Phosphate Electrolyte

A

-Normal level: 2.3 to 4.7 mg/dL

-Hypophosphatemia: Decreased phosphate level

-Hyperphosphatemia: Increased phosphate level

24
Q

Normal Level Magnesium Electrolyte

A

-Normal level: 1.3 to 2.1 mEq/L

-Hypomagnesemia: Decreased magnesium level

-Hypermagnesemia: Increased magnesium level

25
Q

What is Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis?

A

Fluctuations in pH due to bicarbonate level

*A disorder not correctable by buffers initiates compensatory mechanisms

26
Q

What is Respiratory acidosis or alkalosis?

A

Fluctuations in pH due to respiratory disorders

*A disorder not correctable by buffers initiates compensatory mechanisms

27
Q

Respiratory acidosis causes include?

A

-Related to hypoventilation

-Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) creates acidosis over time.

-Compensatory mechanism is the renal buffer system.

28
Q

Respiratory alkalosis causes include?

A

-Associated with conditions that result in hyperventilation

-Carbon dioxide levels in the blood drop.

-Renal system retains H+ ions.

29
Q

Any acidosis not related to the respiratory system is

A

Metabolic acidosis

30
Q

Metabolic acidosis causes include?

A

-Lactic acidosis
-Ketoacidosis
-Gastrointestinal (GI) losses
-Ingestion of drugs or toxins

31
Q

What occurs with excessive acid loss?

A

Metabolic alkalosis

32
Q

Metabolic alkalosis causes include?

A

-Excessive vomiting
-Excessive water intake
-Nasogastric suctioning
-Excessive intake of alkaline substances

33
Q

What is cellular Injury?

A

Manifestations depend on how many and which types of cells are damaged.

Caused by:
Hypoxia, ischemia, chemical injury, infectious injury, immunologic injury, physical damage, and inflammatory injury

34
Q

Cell death is followed by?

A

necrosis

35
Q

Hypoxic Injury may result from?

A

-Decreased O2 in air
-Loss of hemoglobin function
-Decreased number of red blood cells
-Disease of respiratory or cardiovascular system
-Loss of cytochromes

36
Q

Causes of chemical cellular injury includes?

A

-Common poisons: Cyanide and pesticides

-Lead: Long-term ingestion leads to brain injury and neurologic dysfunction

-Carbon monoxide: Binds to hemoglobin and prevents adequate oxygenation of tissues

-Ethanol: May result in CNS depression, hypoventilation, and cardiovascular collapse

-Pharmacologic agents: Produce toxic products when metabolized in the body

37
Q

Causes of Infectious cellular Injury include?

A

Occurs as a result of an invasion of bacteria, fungi, or viruses

Virulence: Measures disease-causing ability

Pathogenicity: Function of microorganism’s ability to reproduce and cause disease

-Bacteria

-Viruses

38
Q

Bacteria

A

-Possess a capsule that protects them from phagocytes

-Categorized depending on Gram staining

-Produce exotoxins or endotoxins

-White blood cells release endogenous pyrogens (cause a fever).

-The body’s most common reaction is inflammation.

39
Q

Viruses

A

-Intracellular parasites

-Consists of nucleic acid core of RNA or DNA

-Capsid: Protects from phagocytosis

-Replication occurs inside host cell.

-Symbiotic relationship may be the cause of an unapparent infection

40
Q

What is Immunologic and Inflammatory Injury?

A

-Inflammation is a protective response and
can be triggered by physical, chemical, or microbiologic agent

41
Q

Immunologic and Inflammatory Injury Effects:

A

-Local effects: Dilation of blood vessels and increased vascular permeability

-Systemic effects: Temperature elevation and increased leukocytes

-Cellular membranes may be injured in process

42
Q

Injurious Genetic Factors of the Cell include?

A

Genetic factors include:
-Chromosomal disorders
-Premature development of atherosclerosis
-Obesity

Abnormal gene may develop:
-If gene mutates during meiosis
-By heredity
-Due to other causes later in life

43
Q

Injurious Nutritional Imbalances include?

A

Injurious nutritional imbalances include:
-Obesity
-Malnutrition
-Vitamin or mineral excess or deficit

Can lead to:
-Alterations in physical growth
-Mental and intellectual retardation
-Death

44
Q

Injurious Physical Agents or Conditions of the Cell include?

A

Physical agents include:
-Heat
-Cold
-Radiation

Degree of cell injury is determined by:
-Strength of agent
-Length of exposure

45
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

A normal cell death.

During apoptosis:
Cells exhibit characteristic nuclear changes and die in clusters.
Controlled degradation allows their remnants to be taken up and reused:
Cells exhibit characteristic nuclear changes and die in clusters.
Controlled degradation allows their remnants to be taken up and reused

46
Q

Apoptosis premature activation by pathologic factors include?

A

-Forms of heart failure

-Death of hepatocytes

-Inhibition of normal function

47
Q

What is Necrosis?

A

Abnormal Cell Death

Result of morphologic changes following cell death:
-Simple: Gross and microscopic tissue and cells are recognizable
-Derived: Caseation necrosis, dry gangrene, fat necrosis, liquefaction necrosis

48
Q

Example of a structural protein..

A

Collagen

49
Q

Example of a transport protein..

A

Hemoglobin

50
Q

Example of a storage protein..

A

Ferritin

Protein that stores iron in the cells.

51
Q

Describe the Central Dogma

A

Starts with DNA. It can be replicated and/or transribed into RNA. RNA is translated into proteins.

This is how almost everything in our body gets created.

52
Q

What is found in the Golgi Body?

A

-Proteins made in the rough ER float along and enter the golgi body.
-Responsible for modifying and packaging these proteins.
-Enter the small side (cis face) of the golgi body, exit the trans face.

53
Q
A

Hennepin Paramedic Trainee 2024 (22 decks)

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