Physiology

Question 1

In the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve how does a left shift affect affinity?

Answer 1

Affinity is Increased (Wants to hold on to O2)

Question 2

In the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve how does a right shift affect affinity?

Answer 2

Affinity is decreased (Wants to let go of O2)

Question 3

In the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve what 3 things cause a right shift?

Answer 3

-Increased Temperature
-Increased 2, 3-DPG
-Increased H+

Question 4

In the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve what 4 things cause a left shift?

Answer 4

-Decreased Temperature
-Decreased 2,3-DPG
-Decreased H+
-CO (Carbon Monoxide)

Question 5

What is a Ligand?

Answer 5

Signaling molecule used by the body for cells to communicate with other cells

Question 6

Where is Albumin made? What is it made of? What are its 2 purposes?

Answer 6

-Made in Liver
-Is a protein
1) Enters blood stream and using oncotic pressure helps keep fluid from leaking out of your vessels .
2) Carries a variety of substances such as Ligand.

Question 7

Decrease in cell size is called?

Answer 7

Atrophy

Question 8

Increase in cell size is called?

Answer 8

Hypertrophy

Question 9

Increase in cell number is called?

Answer 9

Hyperplasia

Question 10

Alteration in cell size, shape, and organization is called?

Answer 10

Dysplasia

Question 11

A cell type is replaced by another is called?

Answer 11

Metaplasia

Question 12

The human body is composed primarily of ?

Answer 12

Water

Question 13

Homeostasis can be upset by excessive output or input of?

Answer 13

Fluids

Question 14

The degree of fluid imbalance required to compromise homeostasis and cause illness depends on the patient’s?

Answer 14

-Size
-Age
-Underlying medical conditions

Question 15

An Excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial space is called?

Answer 15

Edema

Question 16

-Increased capillary pressure
-Decreased colloidal osmotic pressure
-Lymphatic vessel obstruction

are examples of?

Answer 16

Edema

Question 17

Normal Level of Sodium Electrolyte

Answer 17

-136 to 142 mEq/L

-Hypertonic fluid deficit: Caused by excess water loss without proportionate loss of sodium

-Hypotonic fluid deficit: Caused by excess sodium loss with less water loss

Question 18

Normal Level of Potassium Electrolyte

Answer 18

-Normal level: 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L

-Hypokalemia: Decreased serum potassium level

-Hyperkalemia: Elevated serum potassium level

Question 19

Assessment for Edema should include?

Answer 19

-Auscultation of breath sounds

-Evaluation for pedal/sacral edema and jugular venous distention

-Electrocardiogram (ECG) and vital sounds

-Treatment may include continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), supplemental oxygen, positional therapy, nitrates, and diuretics

Question 20

Decrease in extracellular fluid with proportionate losses of sodium and water indicates

Answer 20

Isotonic fluid deficit

Question 21

Increase in extracellular fluid with proportionate increases in both sodium and water indicates?

Answer 21

Isotonic fluid excess

Question 22

Normal Level Calcium Electrolyte

Answer 22

-Normal level: 8.2 to 10.2 mg/dL

-Hypocalcemia: Decreased serum calcium level

-Hypercalcemia: Increased serum calcium level

Question 23

Normal Level Phosphate Electrolyte

Answer 23

-Normal level: 2.3 to 4.7 mg/dL

-Hypophosphatemia: Decreased phosphate level

-Hyperphosphatemia: Increased phosphate level

Question 24

Normal Level Magnesium Electrolyte

Answer 24

-Normal level: 1.3 to 2.1 mEq/L

-Hypomagnesemia: Decreased magnesium level

-Hypermagnesemia: Increased magnesium level

Question 25

What is Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis?

Answer 25

Fluctuations in pH due to bicarbonate level *A disorder not correctable by buffers initiates compensatory mechanisms

Question 26

What is Respiratory acidosis or alkalosis?

Answer 26

Fluctuations in pH due to respiratory disorders *A disorder not correctable by buffers initiates compensatory mechanisms

Question 27

Respiratory acidosis causes include?

Answer 27

-Related to hypoventilation -Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) creates acidosis over time. -Compensatory mechanism is the renal buffer system.

Question 28

Respiratory alkalosis causes include?

Answer 28

-Associated with conditions that result in hyperventilation -Carbon dioxide levels in the blood drop. -Renal system retains H+ ions.

Question 29

Any acidosis not related to the respiratory system is

Answer 29

Metabolic acidosis

Question 30

Metabolic acidosis causes include?

Answer 30

-Lactic acidosis -Ketoacidosis -Gastrointestinal (GI) losses -Ingestion of drugs or toxins

Question 31

What occurs with excessive acid loss?

Answer 31

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 32

Metabolic alkalosis causes include?

Answer 32

-Excessive vomiting -Excessive water intake -Nasogastric suctioning -Excessive intake of alkaline substances

Question 33

What is cellular Injury?

Answer 33

Manifestations depend on how many and which types of cells are damaged. Caused by: Hypoxia, ischemia, chemical injury, infectious injury, immunologic injury, physical damage, and inflammatory injury

Question 34

Cell death is followed by?

Answer 34

necrosis

Question 35

Hypoxic Injury may result from?

Answer 35

-Decreased O2 in air -Loss of hemoglobin function -Decreased number of red blood cells -Disease of respiratory or cardiovascular system -Loss of cytochromes

Question 36

Causes of chemical cellular injury includes?

Answer 36

-Common poisons: Cyanide and pesticides -Lead: Long-term ingestion leads to brain injury and neurologic dysfunction -Carbon monoxide: Binds to hemoglobin and prevents adequate oxygenation of tissues -Ethanol: May result in CNS depression, hypoventilation, and cardiovascular collapse -Pharmacologic agents: Produce toxic products when metabolized in the body

Question 37

Causes of Infectious cellular Injury include?

Answer 37

Occurs as a result of an invasion of bacteria, fungi, or viruses Virulence: Measures disease-causing ability Pathogenicity: Function of microorganism’s ability to reproduce and cause disease -Bacteria -Viruses

Question 38

Bacteria

Answer 38

-Possess a capsule that protects them from phagocytes -Categorized depending on Gram staining -Produce exotoxins or endotoxins -White blood cells release endogenous pyrogens (cause a fever). -The body’s most common reaction is inflammation.

Question 39

Viruses

Answer 39

-Intracellular parasites -Consists of nucleic acid core of RNA or DNA -Capsid: Protects from phagocytosis -Replication occurs inside host cell. -Symbiotic relationship may be the cause of an unapparent infection

Question 40

What is Immunologic and Inflammatory Injury?

Answer 40

-Inflammation is a protective response and can be triggered by physical, chemical, or microbiologic agent

Question 41

Immunologic and Inflammatory Injury Effects:

Answer 41

-Local effects: Dilation of blood vessels and increased vascular permeability -Systemic effects: Temperature elevation and increased leukocytes -Cellular membranes may be injured in process

Question 42

Injurious Genetic Factors of the Cell include?

Answer 42

Genetic factors include: -Chromosomal disorders -Premature development of atherosclerosis -Obesity Abnormal gene may develop: -If gene mutates during meiosis -By heredity -Due to other causes later in life

Question 43

Injurious Nutritional Imbalances include?

Answer 43

Injurious nutritional imbalances include: -Obesity -Malnutrition -Vitamin or mineral excess or deficit Can lead to: -Alterations in physical growth -Mental and intellectual retardation -Death

Question 44

Injurious Physical Agents or Conditions of the Cell include?

Answer 44

Physical agents include: -Heat -Cold -Radiation Degree of cell injury is determined by: -Strength of agent -Length of exposure

Question 45

What is apoptosis?

Answer 45

A normal cell death. During apoptosis: Cells exhibit characteristic nuclear changes and die in clusters. Controlled degradation allows their remnants to be taken up and reused: Cells exhibit characteristic nuclear changes and die in clusters. Controlled degradation allows their remnants to be taken up and reused

Question 46

Apoptosis premature activation by pathologic factors include?

Answer 46

-Forms of heart failure -Death of hepatocytes -Inhibition of normal function

Question 47

What is Necrosis?

Answer 47

Abnormal Cell Death Result of morphologic changes following cell death: -Simple: Gross and microscopic tissue and cells are recognizable -Derived: Caseation necrosis, dry gangrene, fat necrosis, liquefaction necrosis

Question 48

Example of a structural protein..

Answer 48

Collagen

Question 49

Example of a transport protein..

Answer 49

Hemoglobin

Question 50

Example of a storage protein..

Answer 50

Ferritin ## Footnote Protein that stores iron in the cells.

Question 51

Describe the Central Dogma

Answer 51

Starts with DNA. It can be replicated and/or transribed into RNA. RNA is translated into proteins. ## Footnote This is how almost everything in our body gets created.

Question 52

What is found in the Golgi Body?

Answer 52

-Proteins made in the rough ER float along and enter the golgi body. -Responsible for modifying and packaging these proteins. -Enter the small side (cis face) of the golgi body, exit the trans face.