Cardiac

Question 1

The right side of the heart pumps blood to the ______

Answer 1

Lungs

Question 2

The left side of the heart pumps blood to the ______

Answer 2

Body

Question 3

Describe right-sided heart failure (2)

Answer 3

• Unable to pump blood to lungs
• Blood pooling in body

Question 4

Right-sided heart failure can lead to ______

Answer 4

Left-sided heart failure

Question 5

What are the manifestations of right-sided heart failure? (4)

Answer 5

• JVD
• Ascites
• Hepatomegaly
• Dependent edema

Question 6

Describe left-sided heart failure (2)

Answer 6

• Unable to pump blood to the body
• Blood pooling in lungs

Question 7

What are the manifestations of left-sided heart failure? (4)

Answer 7

• SOB
• Pulmonary edema
• Blood-tinged cough
• Adventitious lung sounds

Question 8

What is the therapeutic dosage of digoxin?

Answer 8

0.8 - 2.0 mcg / L

Question 9

What are the manifestations of digoxin toxicity? (2)

Answer 9

• Nausea / vomiting
• Bradycardia

Question 10

If a child vomits after administration of digoxin …

Answer 10

DO NOT give a repeat dose

Question 11

Which conditions cause increased pulmonary blood flow? (3)

Answer 11

• Atrial septal defect
• Ventricular septal defect
• Patent ductus arteriosus

Question 12

Which condition causes decreased pulmonary blood flow?

Answer 12

Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 13

Which condition causes obstruction to blood flow?

Answer 13

Coarctation of aorta

Question 14

Which condition causes mixed blood flow?

Answer 14

Transposition of great arteries

Question 15

What is atrial septal defect?

Answer 15

Abnormal connection between the right and left atria

Question 16

Which type of shunting is present in an atrial septal defect?

Answer 16

Left-to-right shunting

Question 17

What complication is a concern associated with a large atrial septal defect?

Answer 17

Pulmonary hypertension

Question 18

What is ventricular septal defect?

Answer 18

Abnormal connection between the right and left ventricles

Question 19

Which type of shunting is present in a ventricular septal defect?

Answer 19

Left-to-right shunting

Question 20

What is the primary manifestation of ventricular septal defect?

Answer 20

Cyanotic nail beds

Question 21

Why might a murmur get louder if an infant grips their hands?

Answer 21

Increased interthoracic pressure

Question 22

Describe the murmur present in ventricular septal defect

Answer 22

Loud murmur at left lower sternal border

Question 23

What treatment methods are used for septal defects? (2)

Answer 23

• Dacron patch
• Transcatheter closure

Question 24

What is patent ductus arteriosus?

Answer 24

Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close

Question 25

Which type of shunting is present in patent ductus arteriosus?

Answer 25

Left-to-right shunting

Question 26

What is the primary manifestation of patent ductus arteriosus?

Answer 26

Bounding pulses

Question 27

Describe the murmur present in patent ductus arteriosus

Answer 27

Machine-like, turbulent murmur below left clavicle

Question 28

What medications are used for treatment of patent ductus arteriosus?

Answer 28

Indomethacin / ibuprofen (prostaglandin inhibitors)

Question 29

Which type of shunting is present in tetralogy of fallot?

Answer 29

Right-to-left shunting

Question 30

Describe the pathophysiology of tetralogy of fallot

Answer 30

Pulmonary stenosis causes cyanosis

Question 31

What term is used to describe children with tetralogy of fallot who have minimal obstruction / cyanosis?

Answer 31

"Pink tet"

Question 32

What are the manifestations of tetralogy of fallot? (3)

Answer 32

- Squatting - Cyanosis - ‘Tet spells'

Question 33

What are 'tet spells'?

Answer 33

Episodes of cyanosis - triggered by exertion (crying, feeding, straining)

Question 34

‘Tet spells' can lead to ______

Answer 34

Strokes - due to clotting

Question 35

Describe the primary nursing intervention for a 'tet spell' in an infant

Answer 35

Place the child on their back and bring the knees as close to the chest as possible

Question 36

What is the purpose of the knee-to-chest position?

Answer 36

Increases blood flow to lungs

Question 37

What is the primary late sign of tetralogy of fallot?

Answer 37

Clubbing of fingers / toes

Question 38

Describe the chest x-ray findings associated with tetralogy of fallot

Answer 38

Boot-shaped heart

Question 39

What is coarctation of the aorta?

Answer 39

Aortic stenosis

Question 40

Describe the pathophysiology of coarctation of the aorta (2)

Answer 40

- Increased pressure to upper extremities - Decreased pressure to lower extremities

Question 41

What are the manifestations of coarctation of the aorta? (5)

Answer 41

- Headache - Epistaxis - Bounding pulses in upper extremities - Weak / absent pulses in lower extremities - Cool lower extremities

Question 42

Describe BP findings associated with coarctation of the aorta

Answer 42

Difference of 20 mmHg between upper / lower extremities

Question 43

Describe the treatment of coarctation of the aorta (2)

Answer 43

- Balloon angioplasty / stent - Anastomosis of aorta segments

Question 44

What is the primary nursing intervention post-op surgical repair of coarctation of the aorta?

Answer 44

Control hypertension to prevent pressure in aorta

Question 45

What is transposition of great arteries?

Answer 45

Aorta and pulmonary artery are switched

Question 46

What is the primary manifestation of transposition of great arteries?

Answer 46

Cyanosis within first few hours of life

Question 47

Describe treatment of transposition of great arteries

Answer 47

Surgery - arterial switch (within first week of life)