Cardiac physiology, USMLE

Question 1

MAP formula

Answer 1

CO X TPR

Question 2

Pulse pressure approximates

Answer 2

SV

Question 3

Maintenance of CO: Early stages of exercise

Answer 3

1) Inc HR

2) Inc contractility

Question 4

Maintenance of CO: Late stages of exercise

Answer 4

Inc HR (SV plateaus)

Question 5

SV is a function of

Answer 5

1) Contractility
2) Preload
3) 1/afterload

Question 6

Myocardial O2 demand is increased by

Answer 6

Increase in

1) Heart size
2) Heart rate
3) Heart contractility
4) Afterload

Question 7

Arterial vs venous dilation: Nitroglycerin

Answer 7

Venous&raquo_space; arterial

Question 8

Arterial vs venous dilation: Hydralazine

Answer 8

Arterial&raquo_space; venous

Question 9

States that increase blood viscosity

Answer 9

1) Polycythemia
2) Hyperproteinemia
3) Hereditary spherocytosis

Question 10

Blood vessel that accounts for most of TPR

Answer 10

Arteriole

Question 11

Phase of cardiac cycle which is the period of highest O2 consumption

Answer 11

Isovolumetric contraction

Question 12

Systole vs diastole: S1

Answer 12

Systole

Question 13

Systole vs diastole: S2

Answer 13

Diastole

Question 14

Systole vs diastole: S3

Answer 14

Diastole

Question 15

Systole vs diastole: S4

Answer 15

Atrial systole, ventricular diastole

Question 16

S3 is normally heard in

Answer 16

1) Children

2) Pregnant women

Question 17

T/F: S4 is always pathologic

Answer 17

T

Question 18

Wave formed due to RV contraction against a closed tricuspid valve

Answer 18

c wave

Question 19

Wave formed due to filling of right atrium against a closed tricuspid valve

Answer 19

v wave

Question 20

x descent is seen during

Answer 20

Reduced ejection

Question 21

y wave is seen during

Answer 21

Rapid filling

Question 22

Normal S2 split is seen in

Answer 22

Normal inspiration

Question 23

Wide S2 splitting is seen in

Answer 23

Delay in RV emptying

Question 24

Conditions that delay RV emptying

Answer 24

1) Pulmonic stenosis

2) RBBB

Question 25

Fixed S2 splitting is seen in

Answer 25

ASD

Question 26

Fixed S2 splitting seen in ASD is due to

Answer 26

Left to right shunt that increases right heart volumes and flow through pulmonic valve

Question 27

Paradoxical S2 splitting is seen in

Answer 27

Delay in LV emptying

Question 28

Conditions that delay LV emtpying

Answer 28

1) Aortic stenosis | 2) LBBB

Question 29

Maneuver-effect: Inspiration

Answer 29

Increase RA return

Question 30

Maneuver-effect: Expiration

Answer 30

Increase LA return

Question 31

Maneuver-effect: Hand grip

Answer 31

Increase SVR

Question 32

Maneuver-effect: Valsalva

Answer 32

Decrease venous return

Question 33

Maneuver-effect: Rapid squatting

Answer 33

Increase venous return

Question 34

Maneuver-effect: Prolonged squatting

Answer 34

Increase afterload

Question 35

Abnormal systolic heart sounds

Answer 35

1) MR 2) TR 3) AS 4) VSD 5) MVP

Question 36

Abnormal diastolic heart sounds

Answer 36

1) AR | 2) MS

Question 37

Characteristic murmur: MR/TR

Answer 37

Holosystolic, high-pitched, blowing

Question 38

Characteristic murmur: AS

Answer 38

Crescendo-decrescendo following an ejection click

Question 39

Characteristic murmur: VSD

Answer 39

Holosystolic, harsh

Question 40

Characteristic murmur: MVP

Answer 40

Late systolic crescendo with midsystolic click

Question 41

Characteristic murmur: AR

Answer 41

Immediate decrescendo, high-pitched, blowing

Question 42

Characteristic murmur: MS

Answer 42

Delayed late diastolic, rumbling, following an opening snap