Hema, Topnotch Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
Plasma minus clotting factors
A
Serum
2
Q
% plasma in whole blood
A
55%
3
Q
% formed elements in whole blood
A
45%
4
Q
Components of plasma in decreasing order
A
1) Water (90%)
2) Proteins
3) Inorganic ions
4) Lipids
5) Sugar
5
Q
Alpha globulins (3)
A
1) Proteases
2) Antiproteases
3) Transport porteins
6
Q
Beta globulins
A
Transport proteins
7
Q
Gamma globulins
A
Immunoglobulins
8
Q
Site of blood cell formation at 3 weeks AOG
A
Yolk sac
9
Q
Site of blood cell formation: 3 mos AOG to birth
A
Liver
10
Q
BM starts blood cell formation at what month
A
4 mos AOG
11
Q
Age at which only bone marrow of flat bones and proximal epiphyseal region are actively participating in hematopoiesis
A
20 y/o
12
Q
T/F Extramedullary hematopoiesis in full-term infant is always abnormal
A
T
13
Q
Most abundant blood cell
A
RBC
14
Q
Mechanism by which RBC acts as an acid-base buffer
A
Carbonic anhydrase: H2O + CO2 = H2CO3
15
Q
RBC: Normal resting shape
A
Biconcave disc
16
Q
RBC: Normal resting shape is maintained by
A
Spectrin
17
Q
RBC: Normal space taken up by central pallor
A
1/3
18
Q
RBC: Normal diameter
A
6-8 um
19
Q
Hgb: Normal value in females
A
12-18 g/dL
20
Q
Hgb: Normal value in males
A
14-18 g/dL
21
Q
Hct: Normal value in females
A
37-47%
22
Q
Hct: Normal value in males
A
40-54%
23
Q
Hgb: Subunits
A
4 polypeptide subunits
24
Q
% of oxygen from lungs transported by Hgb
A
97%
25
Blood is ___ times thicker than water
3
26
Steps in haemoglobin synthesis (5)
1) 2 succinyl CoA + 2 glycine = 1 pyrrole
2) 4 pyrroles = protoporphyrin IX
3) Protoporphyrin IX + ferrous iron = heme
4) Heme + polypeptide = Hemoglobin chain (alpha or beta)
5) 2 alpha chains + 2 beta chains = HgbA
27
How many O2 molecules can 1 Hgb molecule bind
4
28
Fetal Hgb chains
2 alpha, 2 gamma
29
Fetal vs adult Hgb: Higher affinity to O2
Fetal
30
Total iron in the body
4-5 g
31
Total iron in the body consists of
1) Hgb (65%)
2) Myoglobin
3) Heme compounds that promote intracellular oxidation
32
Hemoglobin with ferric iron attached
Methemoglobin
33
Iron loss in menses
0.7 mg/day
34
Iron excreted in the stool
0.6 mg/day
35
Last stage of RBC with nucleus
Orthochromatic erythroblast
36
Earliest stage of RBC normally found in circulation
Reticulocytes
37
of days reticulocytes mature in the circulation
1-2
38
T/F Reticulocytes does not contain remnant organelles
F, contains
39
Stages of erythrocyte maturation
1) Proerythroblast (Pronormoblast)
2) Basophilic erythroblast
3) Polychromatic erythroblast
4) Orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast)
5) Reticulocyte (polychromatic erythrocyte)
6) Erythrocyte
40
Iron transporter
Transferrin
41
Primary storage form of iron
Ferritin
42
Supplemental storage of iron
Hemosiderin
43
Effect of EPO will manifest after how many days
5
44
Energy system used by RBCs
Anaerobic glycolysis
45
of ATPs generated from anaerobic glycolysis
2
46
3 major reaction pathways of aerobic respiration
1) Aerobic glycolysis
2) Krebs cycle
3) ETC
47
Net ATP from aerobic glycolysis
2
48
Net ATP from Krebs cycle
2
49
Net ATP from ETC
32
50
Net energy production from aerobic respiration
36 ATP
51
Net energy produced from anaerobic glycosis/respiration
2 ATP
52
Lifespan of adult RBC
120 days
53
Lifespan of fetal RBC
90 days
54
Cell responsible for extravascular destruction of RBC
Macrophage
55
Nutrients essential for DNA synthesis (2)
1) Vitamin B12
| 2) Folic acid
56
Nutrient deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia + neural deficits
Vitamin B12
57
Nutrient deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia + NTD
Folic acid
58
Substance needed for Vit B12 absoprtion
IF
59
Sources of Vit B12
Meat products
60
Sources of folic acid
Green leafy vegetables
61
Innate vs adaptive immunity: Complement system
Both
62
IgG vs IgM: Acute response
IgM
63
IgG vs IgM: Long-term response/protection
IgG
64
Lifespan of GRANULOCYTES in blood
4-8 hrs
65
Lifespan of GRANULOCYTES in tissues
4-5 days
66
Lifespan of Monocytes in blood
10-20 hrs
67
Lifespan of Lymphocytes
Weeks to months
68
2nd most abundant WBC
Lymphocyte
69
Weak phagocytes
Eosinophils
70
Released by mast cells and basophils for eosinophil chemotaxis
Eosinophil chemotactic factor
71
Basophils: Share functional similarities with what cell
Mast cell
72
Largest WBC
Monocyte
73
Smallest WBC
Lymphocyte
74
Prominent features of monocytes (2)
1) Eccentrically placed nucleus
| 2) Ground glass cytoplasm
75
Lifespan of platelets
7-10 days
76
Cell with pale, basophilic, non-granular cytoplasm
Lymphocyte
77
Least numerous WBC
Basophil
78
Neutrophils vs macrophages: Released as mature cells
Neutrophils
79
Neutrophils vs macrophages: Released as immature cells
Macrophages
80
Neutrophils vs macrophages: Can phagocytize 3-20 bacteria before dying
Neutrophils
81
Neutrophils vs macrophages: Can phagocytise up to 100 bacteria or larger particles before dying
Macrophages
82
Neutrophils vs macrophages: Lipases
Macrophages
83
Neutrophils vs macrophages: Proteases
Both
84
Neutrophils vs macrophages: Hypochlorite
Both
85
Neutrophils vs macrophages: Free radicals
Both
86
Conversion of monocytes to tissue macrophages takes how long
At least 8 hours
87
Monocyte and granulocyte production from BM in times of inflammation takes how long
3-4 days
88
Empyema vs abscess: Occur in normal spaces
Empyema
89
Empyema vs abscess: Occur in abnormal spaces
Abscess
90
Antibodies constitute ___% of plasma proteins
20%
91
IgA in mucosa
IgA2
92
IgA in serum
IgA1
93
Dimer vs monomer: IgA in serum
Monomer
94
Dimer vs monomer: IgA in secretions
Dimer
95
Divalent antibody
IgG
96
Most abundant antibody
IgG
97
Antibody: Smallest
IgG
98
Antibody: Primary immune response
IgM
99
Antibody: Largest
IgM
100
Antibody: Crosses placenta
IgG
101
Antibody: Secondary immune response
IgG
102
Antibody: Main Ab in secretions
IgA
103
Antibody: Allergies and hypersensitivity
IgE
104
Antibody: Surface of B lymphocytes
IgD
105
Antibody: Surface of mast cells
IgE
106
Antibody: Direct mechanisms (4)
1) Agglutination
2) Precipitation
3) Neutralization
4) Lysis
107
Antibody: Indirect mechanism
Complement activation
108
Antibody: Mechanism whereby ICs are formed
Precipitation
109
Complement: Mechanisms (3)
1) Opsonizarion
2) MAC
3) Stimulation of inflammation
110
Complement: Opsonin
C3b
111
Complement: Anaphylatoxin
C3a, C4a, C5a
112
Complement: Chemotaxin
C5a
113
Complement: MAC
C5b-C9
114
Complement: Stimulus of the classic pathway
Immune complex
115
T helper cells: CD and MHC
CD 4+, MHC II
116
T cytotoxic cells: CD and MHC
CD 8+, MHC I
117
T cells: Most numerous
T helper
118
T cytotoxic cells create holes via what substance
Perforin
119
T cytotoxic cells: Targets
1) Virally-infected cells
2) Tumor cells
3) Transplanted cells
120
T helper cell promotes B cell formation and proliferation via what cytokines
IL 4,5,6
121
T helper cells promotes proliferation and activation of cytotoxic, suppressor, and memory cells via what cytokine
Il-1
122
T cell: Makes sure normal cells are not killed
T suppressor
123
T cell: Assures better and quicker response for APC
T memory
124
Surface antigen: Type A
N-acetyl-galactosamine
125
Ig Type: Anti-A and Anti-B
MOSTLY IgM
126
Precursor to the ABO antigens
H antigen
127
Phenotype that does not present H antigen
Bombay
128
Phenotype that cannot receive Type O blood
Bombay
129
Bombay phenotyp cannot receive Type O blood because
Presence of anti-H
130
ABO locus is located on which chromosome
9
131
End of H antigen to which ABO antigens bind
D-galactose
132
Surface antigen: Type B
D-galactose
133
Surface antigen: AB
N-acetylgalactosamine and D-galactose
134
Surface antigen: O
H antigen
135
Surface antigen: Rh
CDEcde
136
Rh vs ABO antibody: Spontaneously acquired
ABO
137
Rh vs ABO antibody: Acquired from exposure to the specific RBC antigen
Rh
138
ABO antibodies: Start production at
2-8 months
139
ABO antibodies: Maximum tiger achieved at
8-10 y/o
140
Widely prevalent Rh antigen
D
141
Events in hemostasis (4)
1) Vasoconstriction
2) Platelet plug formation
3) Coagulation
4) Resolution
142
Type of thrombus formed in platelet plug formation
Primary
143
Type of thrombus formed in coagulation
Secondary
144
Substance secreted by endothelial cells for vasoconstriction
Endothelin-1
145
Platelet adhesion is mediated by: substance on platelet
Gp1b
146
Platelet adhesion is mediated by: substance on subendothelium
vWF
147
Platelet aggregation is mediated by: substance in the circulation
Fibrinogen
148
Platelet aggregation is mediated by: substance on platelet
GpIIbIIIa
149
Activates fibrinogen to fibrin
Thrombin
150
Cofactor in activation of fibrinogen to fibrin
Calcium
151
Activates prothrombin to thrombin
Prothrombin activator
152
Cofactor in activation of prothrombin to thrombin
Calcium
153
Initiating event of the EXTRINSIC pathway of the coagulation cascade
Vascular wall trauma
154
Initiating event of the INTRINSIC pathway of the coagulation cascade
Exposure of subendothelial collagen
155
Coagulation: Extrinsic coagulation cascade
III-VII-II-I
156
Coagulation: Intrinsic coagulation cascade
XII-XI-IX-VIII-X-V-II-I
157
Factor # absent/does not exist
Factor VI
158
Coagulation factors
```
I Fibrinogen
IIProthrombin
III Tissue factor
IV Calcium
V Proaccelerin (labile factor)
VII Proconvertin (stable factor)
VIII Antihemophilic factor (Factor A)
IX Christmas factor (Factor B)
X Stuart-Prower factor
XI Factor C (plasma thromboplastin antecedent)
XII Hageman factor
XIII Fibrin-stabilizing factor
```
159
Prekallikrein is aka
Fletcher factor
160
HMWK is aka
Fitzgerald factor
161
Dissolution of clot is initiated by
tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)
162
4 phases of wound healing
1) Hemostasis
2) Inflammation
3) Proliferation (granulation tissue formation)
4) Maturation
163
Most crucial event in wound healing
Hemostasis
