CARDIO ANA/PHY/ECG

Question 1

The period wherein the atria contracts and forces more blood into the ventricles

Answer 1

Active ventricular filling

Question 1

Which node generates an action potential that stimulates atrial contraction and begins the cardiac cycle?

Answer 1

Sinus node

Question 2

What is stimulated when an action potential passes down the AV node, down the AV bundle and Purkinje fibers?

Answer 2

Ventricular systole

Question 3

What valve/s close/s when the ventricular pressures increase and blood flows toward the atria?

Answer 3

Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid, mitral)

Question 4

What heart sound is produced during the turbulent blood into the ventricles?

Answer 4

S3

Question 5

Depolarization is caused by the movement of what chemical compounds?

Answer 5

Na+ (sodium)

Question 6

What causes the ventricles to contract and prevent the valves from opening? What connective tissue attached to the valve cusps do they pull on?

Answer 6

Papillary muscle
Chordae tendinae

Question 7

They are identified by the great artery in which they’re located

Answer 7

Semilunar valves (Pulmonic, aortic)

Question 8

Process of depolarization (which gates open and close)

Answer 8

Na+ channels open, K+ channels close

Question 9

Increased venous return results in \
I. Increases EDV
II. Increases preload
III. Decreases EDV
IV. Decreases preload

Answer 9

I & II

Question 10

Formula for cardiac output

Answer 10

SV x HR

Question 11

What is the degree of tension on the muscle when it begins to contract?

Answer 11

Preload

Question 12

What is the load against which the muscle exerts its contractile force?

Answer 12

Afterload

Question 13

What direction is the apex pointed in? (3)

Answer 13

Anterior, inferior, to the left

Question 14

Point wherein the contraction of the apex is most pronounced?

Answer 14

Point of maximum impulse (PMI)

Question 15

What do you call the lubricant between the layers of the serous pericardium?

Answer 15

Pericardial fluid

Question 16

When there’s too much pericardial fluid, what happens? Too little?

Answer 16

Decreased - + pericardial friction rub = pericarditis

Increased - cardiac tamponade = cardiac arrest

Question 17

What are the 2 layers of the serous pericardium? Differentiate

Answer 17

Visceral pericardium - epicardium
- adheres to the heart

Parietal - outermost layer

Question 18

Primary function of the AV valves?

Answer 18

Prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction

Question 19

What fills the ventricles with blood from atria during diastole?

Answer 19

AV valves (tricuspid, mitral)

Question 20

Volume of blood ejected with each myocardial contraction

Answer 20

Stroke volume

Question 21

Volume of blood ejected per minute

Answer 21

Cardiac output

Question 22

phases during ECG (3)

Answer 22

P wave - atrial depo
QRS complex - ventricular depo
T wave - ventricular repo

Question 23

Initiation of ventricular repolarization?

Answer 23

ST segment

Question 24

Valve from RA to RV

Answer 24

tricuspid

Question 25

Valve that carries oxygenated blood from LA to LV

Answer 25

mitral

Question 26

If SV increases, what happened to preload and after load?

Answer 26

SV increases when - Preload increases - afterload decreases

Question 27

AKA visceral pericardium

Answer 27

epicardium

Question 28

Describe S1 (3)

Answer 28

longer, loud, low in pitch

Question 29

Describe S2 (3)

Answer 29

shorter, lower in volume, higher in pitch

Question 30

heart sound during passive ventricular filling when blood flows turbulently into the ventricles

Answer 30

S3

Question 31

The extent to which the ventricular walls are stretched?

Answer 31

Preload

Question 32

What happens during Phase 2 of the cardiac cycle? What is it called?

Answer 32

Plateau - Calcium channels stay open - potassium channels close

Question 33

Bundle of His give rise to which part of the conducting system?

Answer 33

Purkinje fibers

Question 34

What forms the apex of the heart

Answer 34

LV

Question 35

What opening is present in the fetal heart? It eventually develops into a flat depression which is called?

Answer 35

Foramen Ovale -> Fossa Ovalis

Question 36

Break down the descending aorta

Answer 36

Descending aorta Thoracic aorta Abdominal Aorta Common iliac artery 1. internal CIA - hypogastric (pelvis, buttocks, genitals) 2. external CIA - femoral - popliteal - tibial

Question 37

Break down the ascending aorta

Answer 37

Ascending aorta Arch of aorta Brachiocephalic 1. Common carotid artery - int. CCA -> ACA, MCA - ext. CCA -> superficial structures, ends at TMJ 2. subclavian - axillary -> brachial -> radial, ulnar - vertebral -> basilar -> PCA

Question 38

What happens when ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure?

Answer 38

AV valves open, ventricular filling starts

Question 39

Large diameter fibers that conduct the action potential from the apex to the ventricles

Answer 39

Purkinje fibers

Question 40

AKA sternocostal surface of the heart. what parts of the heart are part of this surface?

Answer 40

anterior RA, RV -> mainly RV

Question 41

AKA diaphragmatic surface of the heart. what parts of the heart are part of this surface?

Answer 41

inferior RV, LV -> mainly LV

Question 42

AKA posterior surface of the heart. what parts of the heart are part of this surface?

Answer 42

base RA, LA -> mainly LA

Question 43

Small volume of blood that is not ejected during systole?

Answer 43

ESV (end systolic volume)