CARDIO-HA

Question 1

a highly complex, consisting of the
heart and a closed system of blood vessels

Answer 1

cardiovascular system

Question 2

It is a hollow, muscular, four-chambered (left and right
atria, and left and right ventricles) organ located in the middle
of the thoracic cavity between the lungs in the space called the
mediastinum

Answer 2

Heart

Question 3

what is the size of heart for men and women?

Answer 3

size of clenched fist
women - 255 g (9 oz)
men - 310 g (10.9 oz)

Question 4

the anterior chest area that overlies
the heart and great vessels is called

Answer 4

precordium

Question 5

what circulation does the right side of the heart do to pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange?

Answer 5

pulmonary circulation

Question 6

what circulation does the left side of the heart do to pump blood to all other parts of the body?

Answer 6

systemic circulation

Question 7

what do you call to the large veins and arteries leading directly to and away
from the heart

Answer 7

great vessels

Question 8

a large vein that carries blood to the heart from other areas of the body

Answer 8

vena cava

Question 9

they are veins that return blood to the right = atrium from the upper and lower torso

Answer 9

superior and inferior vena cava

Question 10

are the blood vessels that bring oxygen-rich blood from your heart to all of your body’s cells.

Answer 10

artery

Question 11

transport deoxygenated blood from the right side (right ventricle) of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation

Answer 11

pulmonary artery

Question 12

blood vessels that transfer freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atria of the heart

Answer 12

pulmonary veins

Question 13

transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

Answer 13

aorta

Question 14

what are the 4 chambers of the heart

Answer 14

upper chambers: left and right atria
lower chambers: left and right ventricles

Question 15

The right and left sides of the heart
are separated by a partition called

Answer 15

septum

Question 16

which is thicker atria or ventricles?

Answer 16

ventricles

note: The thin-walled atria receive blood returning to the heart and pump blood into
the ventricles. The thicker-walled ventricles pump blood out of the heart. The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle because the left side of the heart has a greater workload.

Question 17

what valve is located in at the entrance of ventricles?

Answer 17

atrioventricular valve

Question 18

two types of av valve?

Answer 18

tricuspid valve and the bicuspid (mitral) valve.

Question 19

it it is composed of three cusps, or flaps, and is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Answer 19

tricuspid valve

Question 20

it is composed of two cusps and is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

Answer 20

bicuspid (mitral) valve

Question 21

what collagen fibers anchor the AV valve flaps to papillary muscles within the ventricles

Answer 21

chordae tendineae

Question 22

what valve is located at the exit of each ventricle at the beginning of the great vessels

Answer 22

semilunar valves

Question 23

what are two types of semilunar valve

Answer 23

pulmonic valve
aortic valve

Question 24

it is located at the entrance of the pulmonary artery as it exits the right ventricle

Answer 24

pulmonic valve

Question 25

it is located at the beginning of the ascending aorta as it exits the left ventricle.

Answer 25

aortic valve

Question 26

it is a tough, inextensible, loose-fitting, fibro-serous sac that attaches to the great vessels and surrounds the heart

Answer 26

pericardium

Question 27

Serous membrane lining that secretes a small amount of pericardial fluid that allows for smooth, friction-free movement of the heart.

Answer 27

Parietal pericardium

Question 28

serous membrane covers the outer surface of the heart

Answer 28

epicardium

Question 29

is the thickest layer of the heart, made up of contractile cardiac muscle cells

Answer 29

myocardium

Question 30

is a thin layer of endothelial tissue that forms the innermost layer of the heart and is continuous with the endothelial lining of blood vessels

Answer 30

endocardium

Question 31

is located on the posterior wall of the right atrium near the junction of the superior and inferior vena cava. it inherits and generate impulse at a rate of 60-100 per minute

Answer 31

Sinoatrial node (SA Node)

Question 32

located in the lower interatrial septum, slightly delays incoming electrical impulses from the atria and then relays the impulse to the AV bundle (bundle of His)

Answer 32

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

Question 33

peacemaker of the heart

Answer 33

SA node (sinoatrial node)

Question 34

_______ are generated by the SA node and travel throughout the cardiac conduction circuit, can be detected on the surface of the skin. It can be also recorded through ___________ that records the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac muscle.

Answer 34

1. Electrical impulses 2. Electrocardiography (ECG)

Question 35

phases of ECG

Answer 35

P, Q, R, S. T

Question 36

refers to the filling and emptying of the heart’s chambers.

Answer 36

Cardiac cycle

Question 37

what are the two phases of cardiac cycle Clue: DRF | SCE

Answer 37

Diastole - relaxation of the ventricles known as FILLING (2/3 of the CC) Systole - contraction of the ventricles known as EMPTYING (1/3 of the CC)

Question 38

early, rapid, passive filling of the blood through the atria into the ventricles is called?

Answer 38

early or protodiastolic filling

Question 39

what is the final active filling phase of the blood

Answer 39

presystole, atrial systole, or sometimes called as ATRIAL KICK

Question 40

what causes the AV valves (mitral and tricuspid) to shut?

Answer 40

due to the large amount of blood in the ventricles, causing the pressure in the ventricles to be higher than in the atria.

Question 41

what produces the first heart sound or the S1 which is also the beginning of systole?

Answer 41

closure of av valves

Question 42

a process in which the valve prevents blood from flowing backward

Answer 42

regurgitation

Question 43

what produces the second heart sound which is the S2 it is also the signal of the end of systole?

Answer 43

when the ventricular becomes empty, ventricular pressure falls and the semilunar valves close

Question 44

what produces heart sounds?

Answer 44

valve closure

Question 45

what is the characteristics of normal heart sounds?

Answer 45

"lub dubb" (S1 & S2)

Question 46

where do you usually hear the S1 or the lub sound?

Answer 46

may be heard over the entire precordium but is heard best at the apex

Question 47

is the result of closure of the AV valves: the mitral and tricuspid valves

Answer 47

S1

Question 48

results from closure of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic) and correlates with the beginning of diastole.

Answer 48

S2

Question 49

If S2 is heard as two distinct sounds, it is called

Answer 49

split s2

Question 50

where can you usually hear the s2 sound?

Answer 50

at the base of the heart

Question 51

This occurs when the mitral valve is wide open and closes quickly.

Answer 51

accumulated S1

Question 52

This occurs when the mitral valve is not fully open at the time of ventricular contraction and valve closing.

Answer 52

diminished s1

Question 53

This occurs when the left and right ventricles contract at different times (asynchronous ventricular contraction).

Answer 53

Split s1

Question 54

This occurs when the mitral valve is in different positions when contraction occurs.

Answer 54

Varying s1

Question 55

it is the result of the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves

Answer 55

s2

Question 56

means that S2 is louder than S1. This occurs in conditions in which the aortic or pulmonic valve has a higher closing pressure.

Answer 56

Accentuated s2

Question 57

means that S2 is softer than S1. This occurs in conditions in which the aortic or pulmonic valves have decreased mobility.

Answer 57

diminished s2

Question 58

are referred to as diastolic filling sounds, or extra heart sounds, which result from ventricular vibration secondary to rapid ventricular filling

Answer 58

S3 and s4

Question 59

s3 and s4 are often termed as?

Answer 59

s3 ventricular gallop S4 atrial gallop

Question 60

A whooshing or swishing — made by rapid, choppy (turbulent) blood flow through the heart that is usually hear in precordium thru auscultation

Answer 60

murmurs

Question 61

what are the conditions that contribute to turbulent blood flow or murmurs

Answer 61

- increased blood velocity - structural valve defects - valve malfunction - abnormal chamber openings

Question 62

is the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles during a given period of time (usually 1 minute) and is determined by the stroke volume (SV) multiplied by the heart rate (HR): SV × HR = CO.

Answer 62

cardiac output

Question 63

what is the normal adult cardiac output?

Answer 63

5 to 6 L/MIN

Question 64

is the amount of blood pumped from the heart with each contraction (stroke volume from the left ventricle is usually 70 mL)

Answer 64

Stroke volume

Question 65

what are the traditional areas of auscultation

Answer 65

- aortic area -pulmonic area - erb's point - mitral (apical) area - tricuspid area

Question 66

it is usually described as a sensation of squeezing around the heart

Answer 66

Angina (cardiac chest pain)

Question 67

excessive or abnormal sweating for no apparent reason

Answer 67

diaphoresis

Question 68

refers to shortness of breath

Answer 68

dyspnea

Question 69

heartbeat faster than 100 beats per minute, may be seen with weak heart muscles, an attempt by the cardiac heart input

Answer 69

Tachycardia

Question 70

an irregular heart beat, a problem with the rate or rhythm of heartbeat

Answer 70

Arrythmia

Question 71

it may cause the client to feel anxious and may occur with an abnormality of the hearts conduction system

Answer 71

palpations

Question 72

a feeling of constant exhaustion, burnout or lack of energy. May results from compromised cardiac output

Answer 72

fatigue

Question 73

occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium) is obstructed by a partial or complete blockage of a coronary artery by a buildup of plaques (atherosclerosis).

Answer 73

myocardial ischemia

Question 74

colloquially known as "heart attack," is caused by decreased or complete cessation of blood flow to a portion of the myocardium

Answer 74

myocardial infarction

Question 75

is the need to sit up more up-right to breathe easily due to fluid accumulation in the lungs

Answer 75

Orthopnea

Question 76

is a sensation of shortness of breath that awakens the patient, often after 1 or 2 hours of sleep, and is usually relieved in the upright position.

Answer 76

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

Question 77

fluid accumulation in the lungs from heart failure can cause one to cough up?

Answer 77

white or pink-tinged sputum (phlegm)

Question 78

what causes a person to be dizzy?

Answer 78

- decreased blood flow to the brain due to myocardial damage - inner ear syndromes - decreased cerebral circulation and hypotension

Question 79

a condition where you wake up at night with an urgent need to urinate

Answer 79

nocturia

Question 80

swelling caused by too much fluid in the tissue

Answer 80

edema

Question 81

a condition where the heart valves have been permanently damaged by rheumatic fever

Answer 81

rheumatic heart disease

Question 82

is the imbalance of lipids such as cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, (LDL-C), triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Answer 82

Dyslipidemia

Question 83

a type of heart disease where the arteries of the heart cannot deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to the heart

Answer 83

coronary heart disease

Question 84

what medicine should be taken before intercourse as a prophylactic for chest pain?

Answer 84

nitroglycerin

Question 85

is an abnormal breathing pattern characterized by rapid, deep breathing at a consistent pace.

Answer 85

Kussmaul breathing

Question 86

an inspiratory increase in venous pressure that occurs in client with severe constrictive pericarditis

Answer 86

Kussmaul Sign

Question 87

Distention, bulging or protrusion of jugular vein at 45, 60 or 90 degrees may indicate what?

Answer 87

right sided heart failure

Question 88

a blowing or swishing sound cause by turbulent blood flow through a narrowed blood vessel

Answer 88

bruit

Question 89

What is the normal pulse?

Answer 89

equally strong, +2 with no variation in strength from beat to beat. Contour is normally smooth and rapid

Question 90

What are the Pulse Amplitude scale?

Answer 90

0= absent 1+ = weak, diminished, easy to obliterate 2+ = normal (obliterate with moderate pressure 3+ = strong (obliterate with firm pressure) 4+ = bounding (unable to obliterate

Question 91

this is a result of an enlarged ventricle from an overload of work

Answer 91

pulsations that are also called heaves or lifts

Question 92

heart beat less that 60 beat per minute

Answer 92

bradycardia