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JKC Med Phys Spring '24 > Cardio pt 2- Exam 2 > Flashcards

Cardio pt 2- Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Fick equation?

A

VO2= CO * a-VO2 difference

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2
Q

In 100ml of body, what is your oxygen carrying capacity?

A

20mL

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3
Q

VO2 stands for?

A

oxygen consumption

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4
Q

When the arterial blood enters the tissue it has _____ oxygen. When the blood leaves the tissue it is at ___ oxygen.

A

20mL

15mL

tissue takes up 5mL of blood

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5
Q

In one minute, how much can your heart pump out?

A

5000 mL of blood

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6
Q

What is the total cardiac output?

A

25 Liters

25,000mL

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7
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

amount of blood that comes out of the heart per beat

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8
Q

T/F: Max heart rate can increase with exercise.

A

FALSE

max heart rate is a function of age

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9
Q

Chronotropic is defined as ?

A

how fast/slow the heart is beating

aka heart rate

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10
Q

Ionotropic is defined as ?

A

how hard the heart is beating

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11
Q

Stroke volume (increases/decreases) with fitness

A

increases

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12
Q

RESTING heart rate (increases/decreases) with fitness

A

decreases

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13
Q

Name some ways that stroke volume will increase?

A

Sympathetic nervous system, B-adrengeric stimulation, increase calcium -> harder the heart will contract

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14
Q

Oxygen is extracted by the _____ in the cells

A

mitochondria

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15
Q

Increasing calcium with (increase/decrease) heart contractility

A

increase (the force with which it contracts)

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16
Q

B adrenergic stimulates the SA node causing ??

A

increase the number of times the heart contracts

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17
Q

The a to VO2 difference will be (higher/lower) when you are fit

A

HIGHER because more oxygen is being used up in the tissues

aka the difference will be greater

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18
Q

What is training doing to your body to make the a to VO2 difference to increase?

A

the mitochondria are getting bigger and multiplying

more capillaries

higher stroke volume

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19
Q

sympathetic/parasympathetic is dominate at rest, what happens to your heart rate?

A

para

para stimulation will decrease the HR

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20
Q

what defines an efficient heart?

A

pumping the same amount of blood in less time

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21
Q

Name some factors that will affect preload

A
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22
Q

Name some factors that will affect afterload

A

Shoveling snow (static work)

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23
Q

What is the pressor reflex? What happens to BP and HR?

A

high amount of muscle tension increases cardiovascular function

both will increase

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24
Q

_____ in the carotid bodies of the aorta arch determines how much pressure inside the vessel

A

baroreceptors

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25
Q

What is the job of the baroreceptors?

A

to maintain normal blood pressure

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26
Q

In orthostatic hypotension the ____ are not picking up your blood pressure is low

A

baroreceptors

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27
Q

Before you even start working out, ____ _____ increases heart rate and pressure

A

Central command

the higher brain centers

through the sympathetic nervous system

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28
Q

______ initiates the cardiac cycle, how many times a minute?

A

SA node, 100

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29
Q

Due to ____ _____, if 1 heart cell fires off, they all fire off

A

inter-calculated discs

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30
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

Superior lateral wall of the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava.

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31
Q

Why does AV node delays the impulse it receives from the SA node?

A

to give the ventricles time to fill

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32
Q

What is a PVC? What does it stand for?Why is it a problem?

A

When the heart fires off much lower than it is supposed to.

Preventricular Contraction

because the ventricle contracts an empty chamber

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33
Q

The electrical way goes what direction?

A

from the right shoulder to the left hip

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34
Q

During diastole, the _____ are relaxes and does what?

A

ventricles are relaxed and filling with blood

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35
Q

During systole, what valves are closing? describe the pressures in the atrium and ventricle

A

AV valves

pressure in the atrium is LESS than in the ventricle

pressure in the ventricle is GREATER than in the atrium

36
Q

During diastole, what valves are closing? describe the pressures in the artery and ventricle

A

Semilunar valves

Pressure in the ventricle is LOWER than the artery

Pressure in the artery is GREATER than the ventricle

37
Q

What 2 factors determine what the valves of the heart are doing?

A

Pressure and shape

38
Q

What is the job of the chordae tendineae?

A

the maintain the shape of the valve

NOT TO OPEN/CLOSE THE VALVE

39
Q

S1 is the sound of ?

A

closing of the mitral/bicuspid and tricuspid valve

40
Q

S2 is the

A

closing of the semilunar valves

41
Q

Describe what is happening in the period of rapid filling?

What curve will rise?

A

Moderately increased pressures have developed in the atria during ventricular systole immediately push the A-V valves open

LV volume curve

42
Q

Describe what is happening in Isovolumic contraction

A

Immediately after V contraction begins, V pressure rises abruptly
AV valves close
Then an additional .02 - .03 seconds is required for the ventricle to build up sufficient pressure to push the semilunar valves open against the pressures in the aorta and pulmonary artery.
No emptying

43
Q

During the period of ejection the left ventricle pressure is _____?

A

slightly above 80mmHg

44
Q

During the period of ejection the right ventricle pressure is _____?

A

slightly above 8 mmHg

45
Q

During the ____ period of ejection, _____% of blood is emptying is occurring during the first 1/3 of ejection

A

Rapid

70%

46
Q

During the ____ period of ejection, _____% of blood is emptying is occurring during the 2/3rd of ejection

A

Slow

30%

47
Q

During isovolumic relaxation, what is happening?

A

-Both the right and left INTRAVENTRICULAR PRESSURES decrease rapidly

-Distended large arteries that have been filled push blood back toward the V

-This snaps the aortic and pulmonary valves closed

-For another .03 to .06 second – the V muscle continues to relax – even though the ventricular volume does not change

48
Q

What is stroke volume in terms of End Diastolic and End Systolic volume?

A

EDV- ESV = Stroke volume

49
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

the amount of blood that was actually pumped out of the ventricle compared to the total amount of blood in the ventricle

50
Q

What is the formula for ejection fraction?

A

EDV-ESV/ EDV *100

51
Q

Describe lamina blood flow

A

blood flowing like a bullet

this is the normal kind you want

52
Q

Describe turbinent blood flow

A

blood that is bouncing off the walls of the vesells, NOT traveling in a straight line

53
Q

Would aortic regurgitation be a preload/afterload stress?

A

preload because blood is going back into the heart

54
Q

Would aortic stenosis be (preload/afterload) stress?

A

Afterload because blood is leaving the heart

55
Q

Would mitral stenosis be (preload/afterload) stress?

A

not really either, decreasing preload a little bit

56
Q

For the Volume-Pressure diagram, if the heart is under a PRELOAD stress it will shift and extend to the ____? The stroke volume will (decrease/increase)

A

to the right

increase

57
Q

For the Volume-Pressure diagram, if the heart is under an AFTERLOAD stress it will shift ____?

A

Vertical, because the isovolumetric contraction will be higher to get the aortic valve to open

58
Q

If the heart ejects more blood out in one pulse, than it did in the previous pulse you would say the contractility of the heart (increased/decreased)

A

increased

59
Q

EW on the volume pressure diagram is ?

A

How hard the heart has to work

60
Q

At rest, the heart consumes about ____ of the oxygen it receives from blood flowing through the coronary arteries,

A

70%

61
Q

know how to draw this

A

just do it

62
Q

The _____ can increase 4X from rest to maximal exercise in an adult without disease (from 250 ml/min to 1000 ml/min)

A

coronary blood flow

63
Q

The rate pressure product is ??

A

SBP * HR

64
Q

True/False: Every organ can control its own blood flow

A

True

65
Q

What two organs receive the most blood per weight of the tissue?

A

Liver and Kidneys** the most

66
Q

Describe redistribution of blood

A

blood goes to the areas that are currently being used the most

goes to muscles during exercise

goes to the GI after a meal

goes to the skin when needed to help regulate body temperature

67
Q

What is an acute control of blood flow?

A

vasodilation/constriction of the arterioles, metarterioles and pre-capillary sphincter

68
Q

What is a long term control of blood flow?

A

angiogensis

69
Q

What is vasodilator theory?

A

The greater the rate of metabolism or the less the availability of oxygen or some other nutrients to the tissue, the greater the rate of formation of vasodilator substances in the tissue cells

The vasodilator substances then are believed to diffuse through the tissues to the pre-capillary sphincters, metarterioles, and arterioles to cause dilation.

70
Q

In blood flow, the diameter of the vessel, is (not/very) influential

A

VERY influential, to the 4th power!

71
Q

what does the macula densa do?

A

detects the composition of fluid in the early distal tubule, located on the distal tubule itself

72
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

process in which the kidney makes sure it gets enough blood flow so that it can filter the blood for the rest of the body

73
Q

What is nitric oxide synthesized from?

A

Arginine and oxygen

74
Q

Is NO made on demand or stored?

A

made when it is needed, NOT STORED

75
Q

______ plays a role in the long term regulation of blood flow

A

oxygen

76
Q

How do you calculate blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output * Total Peripheral Resistance

77
Q

How do you calculate Mean Arterial Pressure?

A

Diastolic BP + (1/3 (Stystolic- Diastole BP))

78
Q

Mean arterial pressure is used to??

A

calculate tissue perfusion

79
Q

What is pressure difference?

A

difference of the blood between the two ends of the vessel

80
Q

Describe vascular resistance

A

the impediment to blood flow through the vessel

81
Q

Turbulent flow puts you at a higher risk for _____

A

blood clots

82
Q

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

A

Systolic - diastolic

83
Q

Is delta P proportion to flow or inverse to flow?

A
84
Q

The diastolic BP does not change while doing what kind of movements?

A

steady, free flowing movements (Walking, cross country skiing)

85
Q

The diastolic BP changes while doing what kind of movements? Why?

A

moving heavy things, weight lifting

when muscles bulge during static heavy work they put pressure on the vessels causing massive vasoconstriction

86
Q

**The diastolic phase is a reflection of the ____ of the vessel

A

diameter

JKC Med Phys Spring '24 (18 decks)

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