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JKC Med Phys Spring '24 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Creatine supplementation is at what dose and frequency

A

5 grams qid

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2
Q

Name some side effects of creatine supplementation

A

Gain some water weight and has a dehydrating effect

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3
Q

Glycolyosis involves breakdown down glucose into what 2 molecules

A

Lactic acid and Pyruvate

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4
Q

Net ATP from 1 glucose molecule, where is the majority of the ATP produced?

A

32 ATP, Electron Transport Chain

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5
Q

______ is what it takes to increase the temperature by one degree

A

Calorie

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6
Q

What is triglyceride composed of?

A

Glycerole and 3 Fatty Acids

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7
Q

How do fat cells get bigger?

A

Increased number of fatty acids present

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8
Q

_____ is used when carbohydrates are not available for brain energy while on a Keto diet

A

Acetyle Co Enzyme A

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9
Q

What organ combines two molecules of Acetyle Co Enzyme A to make a carbohydrate while on a Keto diet

A

the liver

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10
Q

Describe Ketoacidiosis

A

When the liver breaks down fat for fuel, it produces ketones. Ketones are then released leading to an overall increase of ketones in the blood. Has an associated fruity smell

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11
Q

What is a ketone

A

2- Acetyle Co Enzyme A

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12
Q

Described equilibrium point

A

When the concentration gradient forces equals the electric repulsive force

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13
Q

Potassium (K+) is high ______ and ____ outside

A

Inside the membrane, low outside the membrane

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14
Q

Sodium (Na+) is _____ on the inside

A

Low

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15
Q

Sodium rushes inside the cell is polarization or depolarization

A

Depolarization

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16
Q

When you are looking at a gradient with Potassium by itself, and the potassium leaves the cell, what is the electronegativity?

A

-94mV

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16
Q

Talking about putting probes to test the electronegativity, where do we put them? Inside or outside the cell

A

Inside the cell always

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17
Q

When you are looking at a gradient with Sodium by itself, and the Sodium comes into the cell, what is the electronegativity?

A

+61mV

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18
Q

Describe polarization in terms of diffusion potentials

A

Positive on the outside, negative on the inside

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19
Q

Describe diffusion potential

A

the potential difference between the inside and outside

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20
Q

Why will K+ never reach it’s chemical equilibrium?

A

because at -94mv there is enough charge repulsion to prevent futher movement of K+ to the outside. Negative attraction of the phosphate ions and negatively charged side chains

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21
Q

The Nernst Equation is looking at (one or many) types of molecules. Inside or outside the membrane?

A

ONE type, INSIDE

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22
Q

What is the Nernst Equation:

A

+/- 61 * log (concentration Inside/ concentration Outside)

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23
Q

Nernst Equation: The answer will be _____ if the ion diffusing from the inside to the outside is a negative ion

A

Positive

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24
Q

Nernst Equation: __ if the ion diffusing from the inside to the outside is a positive ion

A

Negative

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25
Q

During the Sodium Potassium pump: _____ is pumped to the outside and _____ is to the inside

A

Sodium -> outside
Inside <- Potassium

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26
Q

During the Sodium Potassium pump: ____ Na+ goes to the outside and ____ K+ to the inside

A

3 and 2, leads a net deficit of + ions on the inside

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27
Q

During the Sodium Potassium pump: if the cell is NOT excited the sodium channels are ____

A

closed

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28
Q

During the Sodium Potassium pump: if the cell is NOT excited potassium channels are ____

A

leaking

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29
Q

Why is the cell usually negative on the inside, give 3 reasions:

A
  1. More positive charges on the outside, because Na does not come in but is being pumped out
  2. Na is being pumped out much faster than K+ is being pumped in
  3. Once K+ is pumped in, it can leak back out
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30
Q

What starts the action potential?

A

Receptor receives stimuli that causes a protein to change shape which allows the sodium in, and that triggers the next channel to open etc etc

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31
Q

The Goldman equation is ____ ions (when compared to the Nernst Equation

A

ALL the ions versus SINGLE ion

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32
Q

a nerve action potential starts at ____ mv

A

-90

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33
Q

What does this graph illustrate? What is on the ascending? Descending?

A

What it takes to stimulate the action potential, need to get from -90mv to 0 in order for the signal to get transported. Depolarization, Repolarization

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34
Q

Resting = “_______”

A

Polarized, -90mv

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35
Q

Describe some things that happen during repolarization: Is it fast or slow?

A
  • Fast
  • Sodium channels close
  • Potassium channels open more than normal-> potassium goes to outside
  • the negative “normal” state of the membrane potential is restored
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36
Q

What happens when the voltage gated channel is activated?

A

a protein changed the shape of the activation gate and the channel is opened

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37
Q

What happens when the voltage gated channel is closed?

A

The cell is repolarized back to -90mv

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38
Q

What is this picture illustrating?

A

The impulse will travel in both directions

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39
Q

Describe the All-or- None principle.

A

Once an action potential has been reach, it will travel over the entire membrane

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40
Q

The average nerve trunk contains about _____ as many UNmyelinated fibers as myelinated fibers

A

Twice

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41
Q

Describe Saltatory Conduction. Is it slower or faster than traveling across the entire cell membrane?

A

Where the signal jumps from myelinated fiber node to myelinated fiber node, much faster

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42
Q

Saltatory Conduction _____ energy. Why?

A

Conserves, because only the node depolarizes

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43
Q

Label the structure indicated by 1

A

Node of Ranvier

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44
Q

Is myelinated or unmyelinated nerves faster?

A

Myelinated is faster

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45
Q

What are 2 factors that cause sodium ions to diffuse inwards?

A

Mechanical disturbance
Chemical effects on the membrane

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46
Q

How do local anesthetics work?

A

Calcium in the extracellular fluid stabilizes the membrane which decreases membrane excitability

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47
Q

How does Procain and tetracaine work as an anestetic?

A

Makes it harder for the activation gate of the sodium channel to open, nerve impulses fail to pass along the anesthetized nerves

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48
Q

Afferent neuron travel from the ____ to _____

A

from the periphery to the spinal cord

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49
Q

Efferent neuron travels from the _____ to _______

A

Spinal cord to the effector organ

50
Q

The somasensory map in the brain tells us…..

A

where the sensation is occurring in the body

51
Q

What happens after the neuron travels to the effector organ?

A

The organ creates a chemical transmission into the synapse and that chemical substance will act on receptors for some sort of action.

52
Q

The motor neuron is in the _____

A

gray matter of the spinal cord

53
Q

The axons are _______ gate

A

voltage

54
Q

Why is the gray matter gray?

A

The interneurons have very little mylenation so they are gray.

55
Q

Why is the white matter white?

A

Due to higher levels of mylenation

56
Q

_______ acts on receptor proteins in the membrane of the next neuron

A

Neurotransmitters

57
Q

All the synapes used for signal transmission in the CNS are _____ synapses

A

Chemical

58
Q

Where are the majority of presynaptic terminals located?

A

85% on dendrites, 15% on soma

59
Q

In order for the action potential to proceed the _____ must be more than ______

A

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potentials (EPSP) more than IPSP -Inhibitory

60
Q

There are more ____ than _____ in the body at any given time.

A

IPSP than EPSP, (think about glasses resting on your nose, you do not feel unless you focus on them)

61
Q

Second messenger activators are part of the receptor protein called ______

A

G proteins

62
Q

What component of the G protein is separated from the rest? Describe its function.

A

Alpha

-opens specific channels
- activates a C-AMP cascade system
- Activates gene transcription

63
Q

*****Excitation can happen in multiple ways. Describe a few.

A

-Opening of sodium channels (widely used)
- Depress conduction through chloride/potassium channels
- Decrease chloride ions to the inside
-Decrease diffusion of positively charged potassium ions to the outside
- Increase number of excitatory membrane receptors
-Decrease the number of inhibitory receptors

64
Q

Give an example of a type of medication that works on the drug synpases

A

SSRI

65
Q

Slow acting neurotransmitters are called ______

A

neuropeptides- they are very small

66
Q

Describe decremental conduction

A

When the excitatory effects are near the tip of the dendrites but are “leaking” potassium and some of the “electrical current” is lost due to distance

67
Q

temporal sumation

A

one neuron is firing off faster

68
Q

spacial sumation

A

bunch of neurons firing off at the same time

69
Q

Name some causes of cell fatigue

A
70
Q

________ predisposes epileptic seizures. Why?

A

hyperventilation, pt is breathing out too much CO2

71
Q

______ greatly increased excitability

A

Alkalosis (High pH)

72
Q

_____ greatly depressed neuronal acitivity

A

Acidosis

73
Q

Caffeine, theophylline, theobromine and strychinine all ______ neuronal excitablity

A

increase

74
Q

______ increase neuronal membrane threshold for excitation

A

Anesthetics

75
Q

Somatic nervous system is _____ and conducts impulses from the _____ to ________

A

Voluntary, CNS to the skeletal muscles

76
Q

______ nerve endings serve as specialized receptors to detect conscious and subconscious sensory information

A

Peripheral sensory

77
Q

_____ receptors show sensitivity to body position (temperature, light, sound, smell, taste etc)

A

Conscious

78
Q

_______ respond to blood gas tension and pH

A

Chemoreceptors

79
Q

______ react to small changes in arterial blood pressure

A

baroreceptors

80
Q

________ refers to the sensory receptors that react to mechanical stimuli of touch, pressure, stretch and motion

A

Mechanoreceptors

81
Q

Describe the pyramidal nerve tracks

A

Impulses that are shot downwards through the spinal cord through direct routes and interconnected neurons. Nerve excite the alpha motor neurons that control the fine and gross properties of skeletal muscle during intentional movements

82
Q

Why is it called the pyramidal tract?

A

Because it goes through the medulla oblonga (part/space?) that look like a pyramid, it passes through it that space

83
Q

About 80% of the information received through the pyramidal tract does what? 20% does what?

A

crosses sides of the brain, stays on the same side of the brain

84
Q

Extrapyramidal tract has how many different pathways? Pyramidal tract?

A

4
2- Corticospinal and Rubrospinal

85
Q

What is the main difference between pyramidal and extra-pyramidal tracts?

A

Pyramidal tract has to due with voluntary/thought out muscle movements, Extra-Pyramidal is balance and posture (involuntary)

86
Q

*****Babinski sign manifests as what? What is normal? What does this indicate?

A

When the bottom of the foot is stroked, the toes are extended in a fanning motion

Toes curl down

Damage to descending upper motor neuron pathway (pyramidal)

87
Q

Name some additional signs of pyramidal tract disorders.

A
  • Babinski sign
  • hypertonic spasticity
  • Clonus
  • hyper-reflexia
  • loss of ability to perform fine movements
  • muscle wasting from prolonged non-use
88
Q

**Define clonus. Pyramidal or extra-pyramidal?

A

oscillatory motor response to muscle stretching (Anti-brake locking mechanism)

89
Q

Name some signs of Extra-pyradmial disorders.

A
  • twitching
  • resting tremors
  • chorea
  • myocolonus
    -tics
    -dystonia
90
Q

Define chorea:

A

Brief, irregular movements that are not repetitive or rhythmic but appear to flow from one muscle to the next

91
Q

Define myocolonus

A

continuous flow of involuntary irregular movements. movements are rapid, jerky and explosive in random sequence

92
Q

Define dystonia

A

related to involuntary and abnormal muscle tension that force patients into awkward and sometimes painful twisted or bent positions

93
Q

Define motor unit

A

the nerve and all the muscle fibers that it innervates

94
Q

How can you change the amount of force you place on an object?

A

By changing the number of motor units your body recruits to pick it up.

95
Q

Acetyle Coline is the _____

A

neurotransmitter

96
Q

What does the cerebellum do in terms of muscle/nerves?

A

Compares where your body is in space versus where you want the body to be.

Refine movements by recruiting the right number of motor units for the specific task

97
Q

What is the motor pool?

A

all alpha motor neurons that project to a given muscle collectively

98
Q

What is the size principle?

A

Within a single motor pool, motor neurons will be recruited in the order of ascending size, smallest first and largest last

99
Q

Name some qualities of small motor neurons

A
  • have the smallest soma membrane surface area
  • fewest dendrites and branches
  • innervate the fewest muscle fibers
  • generate the smallest amount of force
100
Q

White muscle cells in the body equal:

A

Powerful and fast, but get tired fast, larger cells (according to the size principle)

101
Q

Red muscle cells in the body equals:

A

fatigue resistance. (marathon runners) Smaller cells (according to the size principle)

102
Q

Red or white motor units get recruited first?

A

Red first then white

103
Q

What are the two types of mechanoreceptors:

A

Spindles and Golgi Tendon organs

104
Q

______ detect stretch in the muscle fibers

A

Spindles

105
Q

______ are the junction of the tendon and skeletal muscle

A

Golgi Tendon Organs

106
Q

_____ detect tension in the muscle

A

Golgi Tendon Organs

107
Q

______ sends IPSP to the spinal cord

A

Golgi tendon organs

108
Q

______ protects the muscle from tearing. How?

A

Golgi tendon, by sending signals that make the muscle relax

109
Q

The mechanoreptors sends information to the spinal cord or brain? Why is this important?

A

Spinal cord, because it allows for some refinement of the muscle without the brain aka conscious control

110
Q

What is a muscle spindle?

A

4 to 6 muscle fibers surrounded by a collageous sheath

111
Q

The size of the collagenous sheath is equal to:

A

about the size of the EXTRAfusal fibers

112
Q

The fibers inside the sheath are called _____

A

Intrafusal fibers

113
Q

INTRAfusal fibers are innervated by:

A

Gama-motor neurons

114
Q

INTRAfusal fibers are surrounded by:

A

Several sensory axons

115
Q

Extrafusal and Intrafusal fibers are running ______

A

Parallel

116
Q

______ nuclei are located in the middle of the fiber

A

Nuclear bag fiber

117
Q

______ nuclei are located across the length of the fiber in a chain like fashion

A

Nuclear chain fiber

118
Q

_____ Tell EXTRAfusal fibers to contract

A

Alpha motor neurons

119
Q

Primary spindle afferents are also called ______. These are primary used for ______.

A

Annulospiral endings, Fast/quick motions

120
Q

***Secondary spindle afferents are also called ______. These are primary used for _____.

A

Flower- spray endings, posture

121
Q

The stretch of the intrafusal fibers can be caused by two events:

A

Activation of the gama motor neurons

passively lengthening and shortening the intrafusal fibers

122
Q

What does activating the gama motor neurons mean?

A

Shortening the distal ends of the intrafusal fibers which stretches the center where the annulospiral sensory nerve endings are

123
Q

Describe some things about the Golgi Tendon Organs

A

-Within the muscle tendon unit
-Able to detect small changes in force generated within the muscle
- Very sensitive to force
- Sensory info will excite some muscle and inhibit others

JKC Med Phys Spring '24 (18 decks)

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