Exam Review-Pt 2- Cardio

Question 1

(Cardiac/Skeletal) muscle duration is longer

Answer 1

Cardiac

Question 2

Cardiac muscle have _____, and they are connected via _____

Answer 2

syncytium, connected via gap junctions

Question 3

Cardiac muscle has ____ channels. Describe them.

Answer 3

Ca-Na channels that are slower and longer

Question 4

What is the beta agonist effect on the heart?

Answer 4

boost cardiac contractility

Question 5

What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 5

SA node

Question 6

What does vagal stimulation effect have on the heart?

Answer 6

reduces HR- Parasympathetic

Question 7

Draw the basic heart physiology graph

Answer 7

Question 8

Where is the SA node located?

Answer 8

Superolateral wall of right atrium near SVC

Question 9

During isovolumic contraction, what is the only thing changing?

Answer 9

pressure

Question 10

What is the purpose of the valves?

Answer 10

to prevent backflow

Question 11

What is the purpose of the chordae tendineae?

Answer 11

to prevent over bulging/prolapse

Question 12

True/False: Valves open and close at the same time.

Answer 12

FALSE: do NOT open/close at the same time

a valve closes first, then the subsequent one will open

Question 13

The ___ valves are shaped so that the pointy side is down

Answer 13

tri/bi cuspid valves

Question 14

The ____ valves are shaped that the pointy side is up

Answer 14

Aortic/pulmonary

Question 15

During diastole, the atria have (high/low) pressure

Answer 15

High

Question 16

During diastole, the ventricles have (high/low) pressure

Answer 16

low

Question 17

In order for the AV valves to open, what must happen?

Answer 17

the pressure in the atria must be high enough, the valves open and the period of rapid filling begins

Question 18

During systole, what is the pressure in the ventricle?

Answer 18

high

Question 19

During systole, what is the pressure in the atria?

Answer 19

low

Question 20

What must happen in order to open the semilunar valves?

Answer 20

once pressure in the ventricles builds enough the semilunar valve will open

Question 21

Define isovolumic contraction

Answer 21

when the pressure in the ventricles are building to open the semilunar valve

Question 22

At what pressure, does it take for the semilunar valve to open?

Answer 22

80

Question 23

During the period of rapid ejection, what is happening? what percent of the blood?

Answer 23

majority is being ejected quickly (1/3 time)

70% of the volume

Question 24

What is happening in the period of slow ejection?

Answer 24

the remaining 30% of blood is being ejected over 2/3rds of the time

Question 25

What is happening in isovolumic relaxation?

Answer 25

the ventricle is done squeezing and it relaxes, the pressure drops and the semilunar valves close

Question 26

Define end diastolic volume. What is the number?

Answer 26

the volume at the END of diastole 120mL

Question 27

Define stroke volume. What is the number?

Answer 27

the volume ejected out of the LV during systole 70mL

Question 28

End systolic volume. What is the number?

Answer 28

the volume at the END of systole 50mL

Question 29

Ejection fraction

Answer 29

how much blood did you pump out compared to what you started with

Question 30

What is the fick equation?

Answer 30

VO2= CO * a-VO2 difference

Question 31

What is the average CO?

Answer 31

5mL/min

Question 32

What is the average stroke volume?

Answer 32

70mL/beat

Question 33

What is the formula for ejection fraction?

Answer 33

(EDV-ESV)/ EDV *100

Question 34

What is Starling's law?

Answer 34

the more blood that flows into the heart, the more it will pump out

Question 35

Define preload

Answer 35

anything that causes an increase to how much blood ENTERS the heart anything the increases venous return

Question 36

Name some things that increase preload

Answer 36

Muscle pump- standing up Respiratory pump (inspiration = negative pressure) Venoconstriction (increased venous return) Dynamic work (running)

Question 37

Name some things that would increase afterload

Answer 37

Anything that will increase SBP Aortic stenosis Arteriosclerosis Static work (weight lifting) anything that would increase resistance after the aorta

Question 38

Is curling biceps concentric or eccentric

Answer 38

concentric

Question 39

is extending biceps concentric or eccentric

Answer 39

eccentric

Question 40

A sympathetic stimulation in the heart would increase what 3 things

Answer 40

Heart rate Stroke Volume Cardiac output

Question 41

Sympathetic stimulation mainly affects the (ventricles/atria)

Answer 41

ventricles

Question 42

Parasympathetic stimulation mainly affects the (ventricles/atria)

Answer 42

atria

Question 43

Heart sounds are made when the valve (opens/closes)

Answer 43

closes

Question 44

What is the S1 sound?

Answer 44

closure of the AV valves

Question 45

What is the S2 sound?

Answer 45

closure of the semilunar valves

Question 46

S1 to S2 correspond to (systole/diastole)

Answer 46

systole

Question 47

S2 to S1 correspond to (systole/diastole)

Answer 47

diastole

Question 48

Draw the volume-pressure diagram

Answer 48

Question 49

What is the rate pressure product?

Answer 49

Systolic blood pressure X HR

Question 50

Coronary blood flow _____ in an adult from rest to max

Answer 50

increases up to 4x

Question 51

Local blood flow is determined by ?

Answer 51

how much a tissue wants

Question 52

What organs require the most blood? at what percentages?

Answer 52

Liver- 27%- 1350mL/min Kidney 22% - 1100mL/min

Question 53

During exercise blood flow to your muscles ??

Answer 53

dramatically increased up to 20X

Question 54

Acute blood flow take ____ to occur. what mechanism does it use on what parts of the body.

Answer 54

seconds to minutes vasoconstriction/dilation acts on arterioles, metarterioles and capillary sphincters

Question 55

Long term blood flow acts on ??

Answer 55

More and bigger capillaries

Question 56

Hypoxia causes (constriction/dilation). Why?

Answer 56

vasodilation because the body wants to get blood to the hypoxic tissues

Question 57

in the kidneys, what does it base its adjustments on?

Answer 57

sodium levels

Question 58

What is the sensing part of the kidney?

Answer 58

macula densa

Question 59

If sodium is low, dilate ____ arterioles and ______ renal blood flow and GFR

Answer 59

afferent increased

Question 60

If sodium is high, dilate ____ arterioles and ______ renal blood flow and GFR

Answer 60

Efferent decreased

Question 61

The brain will dilate itself to get rid of _____

Answer 61

excess CO2 or H+

Question 62

What is NO? Where is it derived from? what is it's action

Answer 62

nitric oxide endothelial derived factor that VASODILATES

Question 63

_____ can release NO as a safety mechanism so it doesnt overly constrict you

Answer 63

Angiotensin 2

Question 64

How you do calculate MAP?

Answer 64

DBP + 1/3(SBP-DBP)

Question 65

pressure is directly proportional to ____ and _____

Answer 65

flow and resistance

Question 66

How do you calculate TPR?

Answer 66

MAP/CO

Question 67

Pressure = ______ * ________

Answer 67

flow X resistance

Question 68

Resistance = _____/ ______

Answer 68

SVR/TPR

Question 69

Flow is usually _____. describe it

Answer 69

laminar: smooth straight

Question 70

you do NOT want blood flow to be _____. Describe it. When does it occur?

Answer 70

Turbulent: blood flow all over the place rate is too high, sharp turns, speed bumps, obstructions

Question 71

____ is the biggest factor in flow rate.

Answer 71

Diameter to the 4th power

Question 72

Something about this?

Answer 72

Question 73

Which vessels have the most influence on total peripheral resistance?

Answer 73

arterioles they are more rigid that arteries have significantly smaller lumen and slow the blood flow from the arteries