Exam 2 Review Flashcards by Johannah Crumpton

Pulmonary ventilation is the ?

mechanisms of breathing

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What is respiration?

Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and blood

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What is a factor that determines the homeostatic balance?

transport of O2 and CO2

tissues will alter the blood flow without the direction of the nervous system when the O2 level drops

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Regulation of ventilation is determined by the ??

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What muscles are used in inspiration?

External intercostals
SCM
Anterior Serratous
Scaleni

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What muscles are used in heavy expiration?

Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals

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What two layers form the pleural cavity?

visceral on the lungs

parietal on the thorax

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What is creating the negative pleural pressure that allows the lungs to move with the ribs?

Continuous suction of excess fluid into the lymph that maintains suction between the visceral and parietal surfaces

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What happens if the continuous suction between the ribs does not work?

pleural effusions

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What is happening during inspiration?

the thorax expands causing the alveolar pressure to decrease (become negative) from 0 (normal is 0) and air flows into the lungs

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What is happening during expiration?

the thorax constricts increasing the alveolar pressure causing the air to flow out of the lungs

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What is recoil pressure?

the difference between alveolar and pleural pressures

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What does the recoil pressure represent?

gives you an idea of how much the lungs want to pull away from the parietal pleura and collapse

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Name a force that makes the lungs want to collapse

Elastin and collagen

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What does the compliance represent? DRAW IT!

relates the lung volume changes to changes in transpulmonary pressure

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To be able to inspire, muscles have to overcome what 2 things?

overcome collagen and elastin forces
surface tension

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Define tidal volume

volume inspired or expired per breath

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Inspiratory reserve volume

max inspiration at end of tidal inspiration

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expiratory reserve volume

max expiration at end of tidal expiration

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total lung capacity

volume in lungs after max inspiration

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residual lung volume

volume in lungs after max expiration

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forced vital capacity

max volume expired after max inspiration

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inspiratory capacity

max volume inspired following tidal expiration

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functional residual capacity

volume in lungs after tidal expiration

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What is minute ventilation

expiratory volume in 1 minute

How much in mL is dead space ventilation?

around 150 mL

What is physiologic dead space

air goes to alveoli without blood flow

what is anatomic dead space

air goes to trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and gas exchange does NOT occur

As you go deeper into the respiratory passageway, there is (more/less) connective tissue holding it together

LESS the further and further you go down

Trachae has ___ to prevent collapse

cartilage rings

____ have less cartilage to expand and contract

bronchi

______ are not prevented from collapsing their walls

bronchioles

_____ have elastin and connective tissue but no cartilage

bronchioles

_____ have low resistance and change with ventilation

Bronchioles

??????? ASK SKYE ????? Where is resistance to airflow higher, in smaller bronchioles or larger bronchioles

_____ greatly stimulates B2 Adrenergic neurons to dilate the bronchioles

epinephrine

_____ cause bronchio constriction and asthma attacks

mast cell degranulation

Describe the High pressure, Low flow circulation

-blood leaves the heart through the descending aorta to supply the lung tissues -return from the lungs throught the pulmonary veins and enter the left atria - the mixing of the deoxygenated blood in the left atria is one of the reasons that you never have 100% saturation

Describe the Low pressure, high flow circulation. Why is the pressure low?

-take the deoxygenated blood to the alveolar capillaries when oxygen is added and CO2 is exchanged because it is spread thin across the lungs to serve around 6 million alveoli

Pulmonary edema occurs when?

when there is a problem with the LV LV is weak and cannot pump blood to the aorta which causes blood to back up into the atria, pulmonary veins and pulmonary artery

How do you diagnose pulmonary edema?

with a Swan-Ganz catheter (>20mmHg) to measure the increased pulmonary artery wedge pressure

Blood perfusion is (higher/lower) at the bottom on the lung

higher

At the top of the lung, ventilation is (higher/lower)

Higher

If the blood flow is not moving between the alveoli and capillaries, what has happened?

the alveolar pressure is GREATER than the capillary pressure

During exercise, what happens in terms of the lungs?

-blood flow to the lungs increases drastically - # of capillaries increases - capillaries distend - small increase in pulmonary arterial pressure

What is the most significant forces driving the absorption of fluid into the capillaries?

plasma colloid osmotic pressure

What is the plasma colloid osmotic pressure? Need the number

-28mmHg

What is the mean filtration pressure and where is it going?

+1 mmHg coming into the lungs but it taken up by the lymph

What is restrictive lung disorder?

when you cant get enough air INTO the lungs limited INSPIRATION

Pulmonary fibrosis is restrictive/obstructive?

restricted thick, scarred lungs make it difficult to max inspiration and gas exchange

What is an obstructive lung disorder?

when you cant get all of the air OUT expiration is limited

Asthma is restrictive/obstructive?

obstructive because air is getting trapped and cannot be fully EXHALED due to collapsed bronchioles

COPD is restrictive/obstructive

obstructive, because air is getting trapped and cannot be fully EXHALED due to collapsed bronchioles

Describe small bronchiole disease

air gets trapped in and cannot be fully exhaled due to small bronchioles collapsing

Be able to draw the Flow-Volume Loop

Be able to draw this curve

The top of the lung has a (high/low) V/Q ratio

HIGH

the bottom of the lung has a (low/high) V/Q ratio

LOW

What is partial pressure?

the percent of the gas in the mixture of gasses

What are the SET (aka these numbers do not change) of mixtures of O2, N2 and CO2 when the atmospheric pressure is at sea level (760)

20.93 for oxygen 79.03 for nitrogen .04 for Carbon dioxide

At sea level, what is the partial pressure for oxygen?

159 mmHg

At sea level, what is the partial pressure for Nitrogen?

600mmHg

At sea level, what is the partial pressure for Carbon dioxide?

1mmHg

Why is it more important to maintain CO2 levels than O2 levels?

because CO2 is more closely tied to pH

Hemoglobin is made from ____ and _____. Which combine to form _____.

succinyl- CoA and glycine pyrol molecule

4 Pyrol molecules form a ______, which combine with _____ to make heme

protoporphyrin iron

____ and ____ put together form hemoglobin

iron and protein

Name some things that can influence the oxygen dissociation

-difference in partial pressure of O2 - changes in pH -changes in temperature

What is oxygen dissociation?

the ability of hemoglobin to release O2

What is the oxygen carrying capacity formula?

15gHb/100mL of blood * 1.34 = 20mL

Draw the oxygen dissociation curve. What is on the Y, X, Z axis labeled?

X= Pressure of oxygen in blood PO2 mmHg Y= Hemoglobin saturation % Z= Volumes %

When the partial pressure is high, what does hemoglobin do?

hemoglobin wants to bind tightly to O2

When the partial pressure is low, what does hemoglobin do?

hemoglobin wants to release into tissues

DRAW the CO2 transport system from Dr. Sheppard

Draw the CO2 transport formula from Dr. Sheppard

What is the main method of transportation for Carbon Dioxide?

plama bicarbonate

Acids produce/accept H+

produce

bases produce/accept H+

What are the two ways we can regulate acid-base?

1. Respiratory control blowing off excess CO2 2. Renal control- elimination of H+ in urine OR reabsorption of bicarb

Is diabetes metabolic acidosis/alkalosis?

acidosis

Is diarhhea metabolic acidosis/alkalosis?

acidosis

Is vomiting metabolic acidosis/alkalosis?

alkalosis

Is hyperventilation respiratory acidosis/alkalosis?

alkalosis

The ____ and _____ of the brainstem regulate respiration

medulla and pons

What is the dorsal respiratory group responsible for?

causes inspiration

What is the ventral respiratory group is responsible for?

causes expiration utilized when the respiratory drive exceeds normal breathing at rest

What is the pneumotaxic center responsible for?

controls the "switch-off" point of the inspiratory drive limit inspiration, may increase the respiratory rate to compensate

What is the inspiratory ramp signal?

a steady ramp signal for 2 seconds that enable inspiration and ceases abruptly for 3 seconds to stop excitation of teh diaphragm and allow elastic recoil of the lungs (expiration) -allows for a nice steady increase in lung volume

When the lungs become overstretched during inspiration, what happens? at what point does this happen?

the inspiratory ramp "switches off" not activated until the Tidal Volume is 3x normal

____ does not have a direct effect on the respiratory center but instead acts on ______. Where are they located?

Oxygen peripheral chemorecptors carotid and aortic bodies

______ are located outside the brain to detect O2. What else do they detect?

peripheral chemoreceptors CO2 and H+

Where is it the easiest to collapse the alveoli? (top/middle/bottom)

TOP due to the lack of blood flow

____ regulate bicard

Kidneys

____ regulate CO2

Lungs