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a&p2 > Cardio System > Flashcards

Cardio System Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight?

A

92%

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2
Q

Leukocytes are the _______ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ______________.

A

largest, prominent nuclei

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3
Q

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

A

4

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4
Q

Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line?

A

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

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5
Q

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to

A

both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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6
Q

Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ .

A

basic, proteins

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7
Q

Typically, an adult’s body contains _______ of blood.

A

5 liters

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8
Q

One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to

A

increase the viscosity of the blood.

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9
Q

Which are characteristic of leukocytes?

a: Smaller than erythrocytes
b: Have a nucleus
c: Have no hemoglobin
d: More numerous than erythrocytes
e: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules

A

b, c, e

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10
Q

Which leukocytes are granulocytes?

a: Neutrophils
b: Eosinophils
c: Lymphocytes
d: Monocytes
e: Basophils
f: Erythrocytes

A

a, b, e

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11
Q

The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n)

A

neutrophil.

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12
Q

The life span of an erythrocyte is about _________ days.

A

120

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13
Q

When over 10% of the body’s blood has been lost, a survival response occurs involving activation of the ________ nervous system.

A

sympathetic

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14
Q

An individual’s hematocrit would vary with

A

*All of the choices are correct.

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15
Q

Plasma makes up about ______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood.

A

55

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16
Q

The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of

A

erythrocytes in the blood.

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17
Q

Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma

A

electrolytes.

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18
Q

Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils

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19
Q

The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are

A

surface of erythrocytes.

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20
Q

The”buffy coat” consists of

A

leukocytes and platelets.

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21
Q

When blood loss is severe, the __________ nervous system helps maintain blood pressure and divert blood to where it is needed most.

A

sympathetic

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22
Q

Which component of whole blood plays the greatest role in maintaining normal fluid levels in the cardiovascular system and preventing fluid loss?

A

Plasma

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23
Q

Platelets are formed from

A

pieces of the megakaryocyte breaking off.

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24
Q

Plasma is composed of about ___________ % water.

A

92

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25
Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax?
Aortic semilunar valve
26
The serous fluid within the pericardial cavity works to
lubricate membranes of the pericardium.
27
Which pair is located more anteriorly in a heart in normal position?
Right atrium and right ventricleCorrect
28
Which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
Pulmonary veins
29
Which action leads to the closure of the right atrioventricular valve?
Contraction of the right ventricle
30
Blood moves into and then out of a heart chamber because
it moves along its pressure gradient, and that gradient depends on contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
31
Vagal tone refers to the
decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation.
32
The posterior interventricular artery is a branch off of the
right coronary artery.
33
The metabolic pathways of cardiac muscle make it
somewhat susceptible to heart attack, because it relies so exclusively on aerobic metabolism.
34
Which heart chambers contain deoxygenated blood?
Right atrium and right ventricle
35
The layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue is the
myocardium.
36
Which correctly describes the heart’s apex?
Projects slightly anteroinferiorly toward the left side of the body
37
The internal wall surface of each ventricle displays large, smooth, irregular muscular ridges called
trabeculae carneae.
38
The function of the coronary sinus is to
take blood from the coronary circulation to the right atrium.
39
Cardiac output equals the
heart rate multiplied by stroke volume.
40
The membrane of a contractile cardiac muscle cell contains
fast voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels.
41
According to the Frank-Starling law
as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, ventricular contractions become more forceful.
42
Norepinephrine is considered a positive chronotropic agent because it causes
an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells.
43
The atria are separated from the ventricles externally by the
coronary sulcus.
44
Which of the cardiovascular system’s circuits has deoxygenated blood in its arteries?
Pulmonary circut
45
Pectinate muscles are found on the
internal walls of the right and left atria.
46
The __________ is a low-pitched sound caused by vibration of the atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid as the valves close at the beginning of ventricular systole.
first heart soun
47
The wall of the __________ is much thicker than any other chamber in the heart which allows for stronger contractions to pump blood through the systemic circulation.
left ventricle
48
The external layer of the heart wall is the
epicardium.
49
Because the ventricular myocardium is compressed during ventricular _______, most coronary flow occurs during ventricular _______.
contraction; relaxation
50
The __________ valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle.
tricuspid
51
Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to
reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid.
52
High carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of the carotid arteries will stimulate
chemoreceptors to activate the vasomotor center.
53
Systolic blood pressure is recorded
in arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction.
54
The artery that will eventually subdivide to form the posterior cerebral arteries is the _____ artery.
basilar
55
When physical exertion has ended and the body is at rest, veins demonstrate
vasodilation so that they function as blood reservoirs.
56
Which of the artery types contain the internal and external elastic laminae?
Muscular arteries
57
The _____ in the pulmonary circuit carry deoxygenated blood.
arteries
58
Which carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava?
Hepatic veins
59
Tissue damage can trigger local release of histamine, which can
stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator.
60
If someone were to decrease their food intake and increase aerobic exercise, they might lose adipose tissue and condition their muscles. These changes would also influence their blood vessels, as there would be
regression of blood vessels in adipose tissue and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle.
61
Valves in veins
cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.
62
The ________ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells.
tunica media
63
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of
diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration.
64
Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to
the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.
65
Blood pressure is lowest in
Veins
66
Circulation to the spleen demonstrates a(n)
simple pathway, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ.
67
Pulmonary arteries are wider than systemic arteries. Therefore, pulmonary circuit blood pressure is
low and blood flows very slowly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange.
68
Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide have ________ effects on blood pressure.
opposite
69
The femoral vein becomes the external iliac vein when it
passes above the inguinal ligamen
70
Angiotensin II causes
vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst.
71
The pulmonary trunk carries
deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle toward the lungs.

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